eople, plants, animals, insects—we all belong to a giant web of life. Permaculture, or “permanent agriculture,” is an all-encompassing way of thinking about how to promote the natural interaction between all of these players. And it’s been practiced for thousands of years. But in the late 20th century, environmentalist David Holmgren distilled these concepts into 12 principles that you see represented on this page. These ideas center around
