Pastoral Epistles, Volume 46

By Zondervan

The Word Biblical Commentary delivers the best in biblical scholarship, from the leading scholars of our day who share a commitment to Scripture as divine revelation. This series emphasizes a thorough analysis of textual, linguistic, structural, and theological evidence. The result is judicious and balanced insight into the meanings of the text in the framework of biblical theology. These widely acclaimed commentaries serve as exceptional resources for the professional theologian and instructor, the seminary or university student, the working minister, and everyone concerned with building theological understanding from a solid base of biblical scholarship.

Overview of Commentary Organization

• Introduction—covers issues pertaining to the whole book, including context, date, authorship, composition, interpretive issues, purpose, and theology.
• Each section of the commentary includes:
• Pericope Bibliography—a helpful resource containing the most important works that pertain to each particular pericope.
• Translation—the author’s own translation of the biblical text, reflecting the end result of exegesis and attending to Hebrew and Greek idiomatic usage of words, phrases, and tenses, yet in reasonably good English.
• Notes—the author’s notes to the translation that address any textual variants, grammatical forms, syntactical constructions, basic meanings of words, and problems of translation.
• Form/Structure/Setting—a discussion of redaction, genre, sources, and tradition as they concern the origin of the pericope, its canonical form, and its relation to the biblical and extra-biblical contexts in order to illuminate the structure and character of the pericope. Rhetorical or compositional features important to understanding the passage are also introduced here.
• Comment—verse-by-verse interpretation of the text and dialogue with other interpreters, engaging with current opinion and scholarly research.
• Explanation—brings together all the results of the discussion in previous sections to expose the meaning and intention of the text at several levels: (1) within the context of the book itself; (2) its meaning in the OT or NT; (3) its place in the entire canon; (4) theological relevance to broader OT or NT issues.
  • General Bibliography—occurring at the end of each volume, this extensive bibliographycontains all sources used anywhere in the commentary.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Zondervan
• Release date: Oct 10, 2017
• ISBN: 9780310586005

Book preview

Editorial Board

Old Testament Editor: Nancy L. deClaissé-Walford (2011–)

New Testament Editor: Peter H. Davids (2013–)

Past Editors

General Editors

Ralph P. Martin (2012–2013)

Bruce M. Metzger (1997–2007)

David A. Hubbard (1977–1996)

Glenn W. Barker (1977–1984)

Old Testament Editors:

John D. W. Watts (1977–2011)

James W. Watts (1997–2011)

New Testament Editors:

Ralph P. Martin (1977–2012)

Lynn Allan Losie (1997–2013)

Volumes

*forthcoming as of 2014

**in revision as of 2014

Word Biblical Commentary

Volume 46

Pastoral Epistles

William D. Mounce

General Editors: Bruce M. Metzger, David A. Hubbard, Glenn W. Barker

Old Testament Editors: John D. W. Watts, James W. Watts

New Testament Editors: Ralph P. Martin, Lynn Allan Losie

ZONDERVAN

Pastoral Epistles, Volume 46

Copyright © 2000 by Thomas Nelson, Inc.

Previously published as Pastoral Epistles.

Formerly published by Thomas Nelson. Now published by Zondervan, a division of HarperCollinsChristian Publishing.

Requests for information should be addressed to:

Zondervan, 3900 Sparks Dr. SE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49546

ePub edition August 2017: ISBN 978-0-310-58600-5

The Library of Congress has cataloged the original edition as follows:

Library of Congress Control Number: 2005295211

All Scripture quotations, unless otherwise indicated, are from the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible, copyright © 1989 by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of Churches of Christ in the United States of America, and are used by permission. All rights reserved.

The author’s own translation of the Scripture text appears in italic type under the heading Translation.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or any other—except for brief quotations in printed reviews, without the prior permission of the publisher.

The Graeca, Hebraica, and Semitica fonts used to print this work are available from Linguist’s Software, Inc., P.O. Box 580, Edmonds, WA 98020-0580 USA; tel. [phone].

To the women in my life:

Robin, my wife and best friend;

Rose and Rachel, who went on ahead to wait for me;

and Kiersten who stayed behind with her dad.

Contents

Editorial Preface

Author’s Preface

Abbreviations

Commentary Bibliography

General Bibliography

Introduction

Preliminary Issues

The PE within the Framework of Paul’s Life

Historical Reconstruction from Acts

Historical Reconstruction from the PE

Historical Reconstruction from Early Church Tradition

The Ephesian Heresy

The Response to the Heresy

Additional Issues

Conclusion

Critical Questions about the PE within the Framework of Paul’s Life

The Historical Problem

The Theological Problem

The Linguistic Problem

Proposals regarding Authorship of the PE

Excursus: Pseudepigraphy

Themes in the PE

Faith

Savior, Salvation, and Good Works

Outline

Text and Commentary

1 Timothy

I. Salutation (1 Tim 1:1–2)

II. The Ephesian Problem (1 Tim 1:3–20)

A. The Problem Stated (1 Tim 1:3–7)

B. The True Intention of the Law (1 Tim 1:8–11)

C. Paul’s Example of Salvation by Grace (1 Tim 1:12–17)

Excursus: Faithful is the Saying

D. Encouragement and Warning for Timothy (1 Tim 1:18–20)

Excursus: Prophecies about Timothy

III. Correction of Improper Conduct in the Ephesian Church (1 Tim 2:1–4:5)

A. Salvation Is for All People (1 Tim 2:1–7)

B. Questions of Disruption and Leadership (1 Tim 2:8–15)

C. Overseers (1 Tim 3:1–7)

Excursus: Biships and Presbyters in the Postapostolic Church

D. Deacons (1 Tim 3:8–13)

Excursus: The Deacon and the Deaconness in the Postapostolic Church

E. Heart of the Corpus (1 Tim 3:14–16)

F. The Source of the Heresy (1 Tim 4:1–5)

IV. Personal Notes to Timothy (1 Tim 4:6–16)

V. How Timothy Is to Relate to Different Groups in the Church (1 Tim 5:1–6:2a)

A. People of Various Ages (1 Tim 5:1–2)

B. Widows (1 Tim 5:3–16)

Excursus: Widows in the Postapostolic Church

C. Payment and Discipline of Elders (1 Tim 5:17–25)

D. Slaves (1 Tim 6:1–2a)

VI. Final Instructions (1 Tim 6:2b–21)

A. The Final Discussion of the Opponents (1 Tim 6:2b–10)

B. Encouragement to Timothy (1 Tim 6:11–16)

C. Words to the Rich (1 Tim 6:17–19)

D. The Final Encouragement to Timothy (1 Tim 6:20–21)

Titus

I. Salutation (Titus 1:1–4)

II. Qualities Necessary for Church Leadership (Titus 1:5–9)

III. Description of the Problem in Crete (Titus 1:10–16)

IV. Instructions and Theological Basis for Godly Living (Titus 2:1–3:11)

A. Instructions (Titus 2:1–10)

B. Theological Basis for Godly Living (Titus 2:11–15)

C. Continued Call for Godly Behavior (Titus 3:1–11)

V. Personal Comments and Final Greeting (Titus 3:12–15)

2 Timothy

I. Salutation (2 Tim 1:1–2)

II. Thanksgiving (2 Tim 1:3–5)

III. Encouragement to Timothy (2 Tim 1:6–2:13)

A. Call to Suffer without Shame (2 Tim 1:6–14)

B. Examples (2 Tim 1:15–18)

C. Continued Appeal to Timothy (2 Tim 2:1–13)

IV. Instruction for Timothy and the Opponents (2 Tim 2:14–4:8)

A. Timothy and Opponents Contrasted (2 Tim 2:14–26)

B. The Presence of Eschatological Evil (2 Tim 3:1–9)

C. Encouragement and Proclamation (2 Tim 3:10–4:8)

V. Final Words to Timothy (2 Tim 4:9–22)

Indexes

Editorial Preface

The launching of the Word Biblical Commentary brings to fulfillment an enterprise of several years’ planning. The publishers and the members of the editorial board met in 1977 to explore the possibility of a new commentary on the books of the Bible that would incorporate several distinctive features. Prospective readers of these volumes are entitled to know what such features were intended to be; whether the aims of the commentary have been fully achieved time alone will tell.

First, we have tried to cast a wide net to include as contributors a number of scholars from around the world who not only share our aims, but are in the main engaged in the ministry of teaching in university, college, and seminary. They represent a rich diversity of denominational allegiance. The broad stance of our contributors can rightly be called evangelical, and this term is to be understood in its positive, historic sense of a commitment to Scripture as divine revelation, and to the truth and power of the Christian gospel.

Then, the commentaries in our series are all commissioned and written for the purpose of inclusion in the Word Biblical Commentary. Unlike several of our distinguished counterparts in the field of commentary writing, there are no translated works, originally written in a non-English language. Also, our commentators were asked to prepare their own rendering of the original biblical text and to use those languages as the basis of their own comments and exegesis. What may be claimed as distinctive with this series is that it is based on the biblical languages, yet it seeks to make the technical and scholarly approach to a theological understanding of Scripture understandable by—and useful to—the fledgling student, the working minister, and colleagues in the guild of professional scholars and teachers as well.

Finally, a word must be said about the format of the series. The layout, in clearly defined sections, has been consciously devised to assist readers at different levels. Those wishing to learn about the textual witnesses on which the translation is offered are invited to consult the section headed Notes. If the readers’ concern is with the state of modern scholarship on any given portion of Scripture, they should turn to the sections on Bibliography and Form/Structure/Setting. For a clear exposition of the passage’s meaning and its relevance to the ongoing biblical revelation, the Comment and concluding Explanation are designed expressly to meet that need. There is therefore something for everyone who may pick up and use these volumes.

If these aims come anywhere near realization, the intention of the editors will have been met, and the labor of our team of contributors rewarded.

David A. Hubbard

Glenn W. Barker*

Old Testament: John D. W. Watts

New Testament: Ralph P. Martin

Author’s Preface

The past thirteen years during which I have been immersed in this study have been a mixed blessing. It has been a joy to be devoted to God’s word. 2 Timothy has always been my favorite book in the New Testament. It gives a personal look into Paul’s heart as he writes to the one who I believe was his best friend, with words applicable especially to young pastors everywhere. These years for me have also seen their times of difficulty: sharp disagreement from those even within the evangelical camp in response to positions taken in my writing; personal tragedy in the death of my first two daughters; disappointment in discovering first hand that the answers of the academy often do not answer the real-life issues of the church. But God is good and sovereign, and to him I am thankful.

The target audience of the Word Biblical Commentary series is a broad one, and because the scope is so vast, I have chosen to focus on the needs of those involved in the life of the church. This is not to say that I have dismissed the issues critical to the scholar; indeed, I have struggled with them throughout the commentary. But my primary concern has been to be helpful to those in the pew and pulpit. With this in mind, I begin each verse with a discussion of its basic meaning and of Paul’s flow of thought. Then I concentrate on word studies, and after that on the more technical issues.

I know that the tendency of some readers will be to judge this commentary on the basis of my views on authorship and the issue of women in ministry, but I hope that disagreements over these controversies will not keep readers from sharing my encounter with the Pastoral Epistles and from learning what Paul has to say about the ministry in general.

This commentary concentrates on an exposition of the text, and for tangential issues the reader is referred to other resources. My translations are idiomatic in order to reflect the nuances of the original Greek, even to the detriment of English usage. Words inserted into the translation, especially the article, are bracketed. I have tried to limit my word studies to the data in the PE, other Pauline literature, and the NT. I tended not to go outside this circle because of the problems inherent in using nonbiblical references even a century prior to or after Paul, unless the word clearly belonged to the Greco-Roman cultural milieu (excellent discussion of the broader ranges of meaning can be found in W. Lock, C. Spicq, and J. D. Quinn, as well as in standard dictionaries such as TDNT and NIDNTT). Unless otherwise stated, all biblical quotations are from the RSV or are my own translations. I discuss issues such as the meaning of words the first time they are mentioned in the text and thereafter make reference to that discussion. Questions of authorship have been restricted to the Introduction. In the Explanation sections I have summarized each passage and dealt with theological issues, including references to treatments of important themes in second- and third-century writings.

With regard to my predecessors, I found the commentaries by G. D. Fee, J. N. D. Kelly, and D. Guthrie to be the most helpful. C. Spicq, G. W. Knight III, and J. D. Quinn provided a rich source of details, and L. T. Johnson often had an interesting and helpful way of looking at the text. Although C. J. Ellicott published his commentary in 1856, I discovered it to be surprisingly contemporary (e.g., his recognition of the ad hoc nature of the instruction and its relationship to the historical situation in Ephesus). I also found that John Chrysostom has come at the text with a refreshing passion. Unfortunately, I. H. Marshall’s commentary for the ICC series as well as those by W. L. Liefeld and J. D. Quinn (posthumously edited by W. C. Wacker) arrived too late for me to study. P. H. Towner’s The Goal of Our Instruction is an excellent work, and I look forward to his commentary for the NICNT series. While I disagreed with A. T. Hanson’s work almost constantly, I did appreciate his explanation of the more critical positions on the PE.

Of all the commentaries, I am most indebted to Fee’s work, and in many ways see my contribution as an expansion of the road that he has paved, viewing the PE as letters written to specific historical situations. Most of the major commentaries (in English) in the last several decades have, like Fee, supported the authenticity of the PE. I hope that my efforts will help readers to appreciate the truly epistolary and ad hoc nature of these three books, addressed, like Paul’s other letters, to real people in real-life situations, and to recognize the almost glaring differences between the PE and the Christian literature of the second century.

I am glad to express my thanks and indebtedness to the many people who have helped me in this endeavor. To Professors Tom Schreiner, Craig Blomberg, Robert Mounce, Aida Spencer, and Craig Keener, who read some or all of the commentary and were free with their criticisms and suggestions, I am profoundly indebted, especially as they helped me understand their positions that differ from mine. Thanks to my editors, Professor Ralph Martin, Dr. Lynn Losie, and Melanie McQuere, who improved the manuscript in many places and edited my text to conform to the style of the series. When I thought the task was simply too great, the Lord brought Ron Toews, Roger Smith, Foster Chase, and the Teknon Corporation into my life, through whose generosity I was enabled financially to finish the task. Thanks go to my church for its support, encouragement, and the opportunity to serve, especially to Richard Porter, Steve Yoell, and Doug Welbourn. Thanks also are due to my students Miles Van Pelt and Juan Hernández, Jr., for their months of library work on the text and on the indexes, to David and Carole Lambert for many hours of help, and to the members of my last seminar on the PE: Ted Kang, John Lin, Jim Cheshire, Tom Haugen, Ryan Jackson, Harold Kim, and Mathias Kuerschner. And while authors generally thanks their wives, let not the frequency of that sentiment ever question the value that my wife Robin has brought to my life and the study of this text. Without Robin’s patience, support, love, and encouragement to leave a secure job and move to Spokane, Washington (where our only support would have to be from the Lord) so that I could finish this writing project and others, I probably would have given up years ago.

The PE are part of God’s two-edged sword, cutting deeply into the human heart. I am privileged to have been able to immerse myself in these chapters and so to have caught a clearer glimpse of Paul and the gospel, and for that I will be eternally grateful.

WILLIAM D. MOUNCE

March 1999

Garland Avenue Alliance Church, Spokane, Washington

Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, Massachusetts

Abbreviations

A. General Abbreviations

B. Abbreviations for Translations and Paraphrases

C. Abbreviations of Commonly Used Periodicals, Reference Works, and Serials

D. Abbreviations for Books of the Bible with Apocrypha

OLD TESTAMENT

NEW TESTAMENT

APOCRYPHA

E. Abbreviations of Pseudepigrapha and Early Jewish Literature

F. Abbreviations of Dead Sea Scrolls

G. Philo

H. Abbreviations of Early Christian and Greco-Roman Literature

I. Abbreviations of Orders and Tractates in Mishnaic and Related Literature

(Italicized m., t., b., or y. used before name to distinguish among tractates in Mishnah, Tosepta, Babylonian Talmud, and Jerusalem Talmud.)

J. Abbreviations of Nag Hammadi Tractates

Note: Some textual notes and numbers are drawn from the apparatus criticus of Novum Testamentum Graece, ed. E. Nestle, K. Aland, et al., 26th ed. (Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1979); from Novum Testamentum Graece, ed. E. Nestle, K. Aland, et al., 27th ed. (Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1994); and from The Greek New Testament, ed. K. Aland, M. Black, C. Martini, B. M. Metzger, and A. Wikgren, 4th ed. (New York: United Bible Societies, 1994). These three editions of the Greek New Testament are the bases for the Translation sections.

Commentary Bibliography

In the text of the commentary, references to commentaries on the Pastoral Epistles are by author’s last name only.

Arichea, D. C., and Hatton, H. A. Paul’s Letters to Timothy and to Titus. UBS Handbook Series. New York: United Bible Societies, 1995. Barclay, W. The Letters to Timothy, Titus, and Philemon. The Daily Study Bible Series. Rev. ed. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1975. Barrett, C. K. The Pastoral Epistles in the New English Bible. NCB. Oxford: Clarendon, 1963. Bassler, J. M. 1 Timothy. 2 Timothy. Titus. ANTC. Nashville: Abingdon, 1996. Berg, M. R. van den. De eerste brief van Paulus aan Timoteüs: Over Gods economie in zijn huishouding. Zicht op de Bijbel 11. Amsterdam: Buijten & S., 1976. ———. De tweede Brief van Paulus aan Timoteüs: Het testament van een ter dood veroordeelde. Zicht op de Bijbel 13. Amsterdam: Buijten & S., 1977. Bernard, J. H. The Pastoral Epistles. 1899. Repr. Thornapple Commentaries. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker, 1980. Blaiklock, E. M. The Pastoral Epistles: A Study Guide to the Epistles of First and Second Timothy and Titus. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1972. Borse, U. 1. und 2. Timotheusbrief, Titusbrief. SKKNT 13. Stuttgart: Katholisches Bibelwerk, 1985. Boudou, A. Les Épîtres Pastorales. VS 15. Paris: Beauchesne, 1950. Bouma, C. De Brieven van den Apostel Paulus aan Timotheus en Titus. Kommentaar op het Nieuwe Testament 11. Amsterdam: Bottenburg, 1946. Bratcher, R. G. A Translator’s Guide to Paul’s Letters to Timothy and Titus. Helps for Translators Series. New York: United Bible Societies, 1983. Brown, E. F. The Pastoral Epistles: With Introduction and Notes. Westminster Commentaries. London: Methuen, 1917. Brox, N. Die Pastoralbriefe. RNT 7. 4th ed. Regensburg: Pustet, 1969. Bürki, H. Der erste Brief des Paulus an Timotheus. Wüppertaler Studienbibel. Wüppertal: Brockhaus, 1974. ———. Der zweite Brief des Paulus an Timotheus, die Briefe an Titus und Philemon. Wuppertal Studienbibel. Wuppertal: Brockhaus, 1975. Calvin, J. The Second Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians, and the Epistles to Timothy, Titus and Philemon. Tr. T. A. Small. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1964. Chrysostom, J. Homilies on the Epistles of St. Paul the Apostle to Timothy, Titus, and Philemon. NPNF 13. Ed. P. Schaff. 1889. Repr. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1956. Cipriani, S. Lenere pastorali. 1–2 Timoteo–Tito: Intro & Notes. Nuovissima Versione 42. Rome: Paoline, 1977. Clark, G. H. The Pastoral Epistles. Jefferson, MD: Trinity Foundation, 1983. Cousineau, A. Les Pastorales: Traduction et Commentaire: Correspondance de St Paul. Montréal: Éditions Panlines/Apostolat des Éditions, 1974. Davies, M. The Pastoral Epistles. Epworth Commentaries. London: Epworth, 1996. De Ambroggi, P. Le Epistole Pastorali di S. Paolo a Timoteo e a Tito. Torino: Marietti, 1953. Demarest, G. W. 1, 2 Thessalonians, 1, 2 Timothy, Titus. The Communicator’s Commentary. Waco, TX: Word, 1984. Denzer, G. A. The Pastoral Letters. JBC 2 (1968) 350–61. Dibelius, M., and Conzelmann, H. The Pastoral Epistles. Hermeneia. Tr. P. Buttolph and A. Yarbro. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1972. Donelson, L. R. Colossians, Ephesians, First and Second Timothy and Titus. Westminster Bible Companion. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1996. Dornier, P. Les Épîtres Pastorales. SB. Paris: Gabalda, 1969. Duvekot, W. S. De Pastorale Brieven, 1 en 2 Timotheus en Titus. Kampen: Kok, 1984. Earle, R. 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy. In The Expositor’s Bible Commentary, ed. F. E. Gaebelein. Vol. 11. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1996. 115–23. Easton, B. S. The Pastoral Epistles. New York: Scribners, 1947. Ellicott, C. J. The Pastoral Epistles of St Paul. 3rd ed. London: Longman, 1864. Ensley, J. R. The Pastoral Epistles: A Commentary on I and II Timothy and Titus. Hazelwood, 1990. Erdman, C. R. The Pastoral Epistles of Paul. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1923. Fairbairn, P. The Pastoral Epistles. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1874. Falconer, R. A. The Pastoral Epistles. Oxford: Clarendon, 1937. Fausset, A. R. 1–2 Timothy, Titus. In A Commentary, Critical and Experimental, on the Old and New Testaments, ed. R. Jamieson, A. R. Fausset, and D. Brown. Hartford, CT: Scranton, 1871. Fee, G. D. 1–2 Timothy, Titus. Good News Commentary. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1984. Frede, H. J. Epistulae ad Thessalonicenses, Timotheum, Titum, Philemonem, Hebraeos. Vetus Latina 25. Freiburg: Herder, 1983. Freundorfer, J. Die Pastoralbriefe. Lettre pastorale. Augsburg: Haas, 1954. Repr. Staten Island, NY: Alba House, 1965. Galites, G. A. He pros Titon epistole tou Apostolou Paulou: Eisagoge, Hypomnema. Thessalonike: Purnara, 1978. Gealy, F. D. The First and Second Epistles to Timothy and the Epistle to Titus. IB 11 (1955) 341–551. Groenewald, E. P. Die Pastorale Briewe. Cape Town: Kerk, 1977. Gromacki, R. G. Stand True to the Charge: An Exposition of 1 Timothy. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker, 1982. Grünzweig, F. Erster Timotheus-Brief. Bibel-Kommentar 18. Neuhausen-Stuttgart: Hänssler, 1990. Guthrie, D. The Pastoral Epistles: An Introduction and Commentary. 2nd ed. TNTC 14. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1990. Haapa, E. Timoteus ja Tiitus. Helsinki: Sisälähetysseura, 1970. Hanson, A. T. The Pastoral Epistles. NCB. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1983. ———. The Pastoral Letters: Commentary on the First and Second Letters to Timothy and the Letter of Titus. CBC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966. Hasler, V. Die Briefe an Timotheus und Titus (Pastoralbriefe). ZBNT 12. Zürich: Theologischer Verlag, 1978. Hendriksen, W. I–II Timothy and Titus. New Testament Commentary. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker, 1957. Hiebert, D. E. First Timothy. Everyman’s Bible Commmentary. Chicago: Moody Press, 1967. ———. Titus and Philemon. Chicago: Moody Press, 1957. ———. Titus. In The Expositor’s Bible Commentary, ed. F. E. Gaebelein. Vol. 11. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1981. 419-49. Hillard, A. E. The Pastoral Epistles of St. Paul: The Greek Text with Commentary. London: Rivingtons, 1919. Hinson, E. G. 1–2 Timothy and Titus. In The Broadman Bible Commentary, ed. by C. J. Allen. Vol. 11. Nashville: Broadman Press, 1973. 299–376. Holtz, G. Die Pastoralbriefe. THKNT 13. Berlin: Evangelische Verlagsanstalt, 1972. Holtzmann, H. J. Die Pastoralbriefe, kritisch und exegetisch behandelt. Leipzig: Engelmann, 1880. Houlden, J. L. The Pastoral Epistles: I and II Timothy, Titus. The Pelican New Testament Commentaries. Harmondsworth; New York: Penguin, 1976. Reprinted in TPI New Testament Commentaries. Philadelphia: Trinity, 1989. Hughes, R. K., and Chappel, B. Guard the Deposit. Wheaton: Crossway, 2000. Hultgren, A. J. I and II Timothy, Titus. ACNT. Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1984. Huther, J. E. Critical and Exegetical Hand-Book to the Epistles to Timothy and Titus. Tr. D. Hunter. New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1885. Ironside, H. A. Timothy, Titus and Philemon. New York: Loizeaux Brothers, 1948. Jensen, I. L. 1 and 2 Timothy and Titus. Chicago: Moody Press, 1973. Jeremias, J. Die Briefe an Timotheus und Titus. NTD 9. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1975. Johnson, L. T. Letters to Paul’s Delegates: 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, Titus. The New Testament in Context. Valley Forge, PA: Trinity, 1996. Johnson, P. C. The Epistles to Titus and Philemon. Shield Bible Study Outlines. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker, 1966. Jones, R. B. The Epistles to Timothy. Shield Bible Study Series. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker, 1959. Karris, R. J. The Pastoral Epistles. New Testament Message 17. Wilmington, DE: Glazier, 1979. Kelly, J. N. D. A Commentary on the Pastoral Epistles. HNTC. New York: Harper & Row, 1964. Reprinted in Thornapple Commentary. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker, 1981. Kent, H. A. Pastoral Epistles: Studies in I and II Timothy and Titus. Chicago: Moody Press, 1958. Knabenbauer, J. Commentarius in S. Pauli Epistolas. Cursus Scripturae Sacrae. Paris: Sumptibus P. Lethielleux, 1923. Knappe, W. Die Briefe an Timotheus und Titus, übersetzt und ausgelegt. Hamburg: Schloessmann, 1937. Knight, G. W., III. The Pastoral Epistles. NIGTC. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1992. Knoch, O. 1. und 2. Timotheusbrief, Titusbrief. Wüppertal: Echter, 1988. Koehler, D. Die Pastoralbriefe. Die Schriften des Neuen Testaments für die Gegenwart erklärt. 3rd ed. Tübingen: Mohr-Siebeck, 1917. Kruijf, T. C. de. De Pastorale Brieven. Het Nieuwe Testament. Roermond: Romen-Maaseik, 1966. Läger, K. Die Christologie der Pastoralbriefe: Kommentar zum Titusbrief. Hamburger theologische Studien 12. Münster: LIT, 1996. Lea, T. D., and Griffin, H. P. 1, 2 Timothy, Titus. New American Commentary 34. Nashville: Broadman, 1992. Leaney, A. R. C. The Epistles to Timothy, Titus, and Philemon: Introduction and Commentary. London: SCM Press, 1960. Lenski, R. C. H. The Interpretation of St. Paul’s Epistles to the Colossians, to the Thessalonians, to Timothy, to Titus, and to Philemon. Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1937. Liddon, H. P. Explanatory Analysis of St. Paul’s First Epistle to Timothy. London: Longmans, 1897. Lock, W. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Pastoral Epistles. ICC. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1924. Luther, M. Lectures on Titus, Philemon, and Hebrews. Luther’s Works 29. St. Louis: Concordia, 1968. Marcheselli-Casale, C. Le Lettere pastorali: Le due lettere a Timoteo e la lettera a Tito. Scritti delle origini cristiane 15. Bologna: Dehoniane, 1995. Meinertz, M. Die Pastoralbriefe übersetzt und erklärt. Die Heilige Schrift des Neuen Testaments 8. 4th ed. Bonn: Hanstein, 1931. Merkel, H. Die Pastoralbriefe. NTD 9.1. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1991. Moellering, H. A., and Bartling, V. A. 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, Titus, Philemon. Concordia Commentary. St. Louis: Concordia, 1970. Molitor, H. Die Pastoralbriefe des Hl. Paulus. Freiburg, 1937. Neyrey, J. H. First Timothy, Second Timothy, Titus, James, First Peter, Second Peter, Jude. Collegeville Bible Commentary 9. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 1983. Oberlinner, L. Der Pastoralbriefe: Vol. 1. Kommentar zum ersten Timotheusbrief. HTKNT 11.2. Freiburg: Herder, 1994. ———. Der Pastoralbriefe: Vol. 2. Kommentar zum zweite Timotheusbrief. HTKNT 11.2. Freiburg: Herder, 1995. ———. Der Pastoralbriefe: Vol. 3. Kommentar zum Titusbriefe. HTKNT 11.2. Freiburg: Herder, 1996. Oden, T. C. First and Second Timothy and Titus. Interpretation. Atlanta: John Knox, 1989. Oosterzee, J. J. van. The Pastoral Letters. In A Commentary on the Holy Scriptures: Critical, Doctrinal, and Homiletical, ed. J. P. Lange. NT vol. 8. Tr. P. Schaff. 1865–80. Repr. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1960. Parry, R. The Pastoral Epistles. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1920. Plummer, A. The Pastoral Epistles. 1891. Repr. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1943. Quinn, J. D. The Letter to Titus: A New Translation with Notes and Commentary, and an Introduction to Titus, I and II Timothy, the Pastoral Epistles. AB 35. New York: Doubleday, 1990. Ramos, M. A. I Timoteo, II Timoteo y Tito. Comentario Biblico Hispanoamericano. Miami: Editorial Caribe, 1992. Reuss, J. The Epistles to Timothy, Titus and Philemon. New Testament for Spiritual Reading 10. London: Sheed and Ward, 1979. ———. The Two Epistles to Timothy. Tr. B. Fahy. London: Burns Oates, 1969. ——— and Stöger, A. Epistle to Titus and Epistle to Philemon. New York: Sheed & Ward, 1971. Ridderbos, H. De Pastorale Brieven. Commentaar op het Nieuwe Testament. Kampen: Kok, 1967. Riess, H. Der Philemon-, Titus- und 2. Timotheusbrief. Stuttgart: Kreuz, 1956. Roinerth K. Der erste Brief des Paulus an Timotheus, übersetzt und erläutert. Hermannstadt: Honterus, 1943. Roloff, J. Der erste Brief an Timotheus. EKKNT 15. Zürich: Benziger, 1988. Roux, H. Les Épîtres pastorales: Commentaire de I et II Timothee et Tite. Geneva: Labor et Fides, 1959. Sampley, J. P., and Fuller, R. H. Ephesians, Colossians, 2 Thessalonians, the Pastoral Epistles. Proclamation Commentaries. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1978. Schierse, F. J. Die Pastoralbriefe. Die Welt der Bibel: Kleinkommentare zur Heiligen Schrift 10. Düsseldorf: Patmos, 1968. Scott, E. F. The Pastoral Epistles. MNTC. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1936. Siebeneck, R. T. Epistolas Pastorales de S. Pablo: 1 y 2 a Timoteo-a Tito. Conoce la Biblia NT 11. Santander: Terrae, 1965. Simpson, E. K. The Pastoral Epistles: The Greek Text with Introduction and Commentary. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1954. Smelik, E. L. De Brieven van Paulus aan Timotheus, Titus en Filemon. De Prediking van het Nieuwe Testament. 3rd ed. Nijkerk: Callenbach, 1961. Smith, J. The Pastoral Epistles. Script. Disc. Com. 12. London: Sheed & Ward, 1972. Soden, H. von. Die Briefe an die Kolosser, Epheser, Philemon; die Pastoralbriefe. Hand-Commentar zum Neuen Testament 3.1. 2nd ed. Freiburg: Mohr, 1893. Spain, C. The Letters of Paul to Timothy and Titus. The Living Word Commentary 14. Austin, TX: Sweet, 1970. Sparks, I. A. The Pastoral Epistles. San Diego: Institute of Biblical Studies, 1985. Spicq, C. Saint Paul: Les Épîtres pastorales. 4th ed. 2 vols. EBib 29. Paris: Gabalda, 1969. Stam, C. R. Commentary on the Pastoral Epistles of Paul, the Apostle. Chicago: Berean Bible Society, 1983. Stibbs, A. M. The Pastoral Epistles. In The New Bible Commentary. Rev. ed. Ed. D. Guthrie. London: Inter-Varsity Press, 1970. 1166–86. Stott, J. R. W. Guard the Truth: The Message of 1 Timothy and Titus. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1996. ———. Guard the Gospel: The Message of 2 Timothy. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1973. Towner, P. H. 1–2 Timothy and Titus. IVP New Testament Commentary. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1994. Vine, W. E. Exposition on the Epistles to Timothy. Every Christian’s Library. London: Pickering, 1925. ———. The Epistles to Timothy and Titus: Faith and Conduct. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1965. Wallis, W. B. The First Epistle to Timothy, the Second Epistle to Timothy, the Epistle to Titus. In The Wycliffe Bible Commentary, ed. C. F. Pfeiffer and E. F. Harrison. Chicago: Moody Press, 1962. Ward, R. A. Commentary on 1 and 2 Timothy and Titus. 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General Bibliography

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Paul’s Idea of Community: The Early House Churches in Their Historical Setting. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1980. Barclay, W. Educational Ideals in the Ancient World. 1959. Repr. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker, 1974. Bardtke, H., ed. Gott und die Götter. FS E. Fascher. Berlin: Evangelische, 1958. Barnett, A. E. Paul Becomes a Literary Influence. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1941. Barrett, C. K. A Commentary on the First Epistle to the Corinthians. HNTC. New York: Harper & Row, 1968. ———. The Gospel according to St. John: An Introduction with Commentary and Notes on the Greek Text. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1978. ———. The New Testament Background: Selected Documents. Rev. ed. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1987. ———. Pauline Controversies in the Post-Pauline Period. NTS 20 (1973–74) 229–45. ———. Titus. In Neotestamentica et Semitica. FS M. Black, ed. E. E. Ellis and M. Wilcox. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1969. 1–14. Barsotti, D. Forti nella fede: Commento alla seconda Lettera a Timoteo. Parola di Dio 15. Torino: Gribaudi, 1977. Barth, M. Ephesians. 2 vols. AB. New York: Doubleday, 1974. Bartlet, V. The Historical Setting of the Pastoral Epistles. Exp 5–8 (1913) 28–36, 161–66, 256–63, 325–47. Bartsch, H.-W. Die Anfänge urchristlicher Rechtsbildungen: Studien zu den Pastoralbriefen. Theologische Forschung 34. Hamburg-Bergstedt: Reich, 1965. Bauckham, R. J. Jude, 2 Peter. WBC 50. Waco, TX: Word, 1983. ———. Pseudo-Apostolic Letters. JBL 107 (1988) 469–94. Bauer, W. Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity. Tr. R. A. Kraft and G. Krodel. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1971. Baughen, M. Chained to the Gospel. Glasgow: Marshall Pickering, 1986. Baumgarten, M. Die Ächtheit der Pastoralbriefe. Berlin: Dehmigke, 1837. Baur, F. C. Die sogenannten Pastoralbriefe des Apostels Paulus. Stuttgart: Cotta, 1835. Beker, J. C. Heirs of Paul: Paul’s Legacy in the New Testament and in the Church Today. Minneapolis: Fortress, 1992. ———. The Pastoral Epistles: Paul and We. In Text and Logos: The Humanistic Interpretation of the New Testament. FS H. Boers, ed. T. W. Jennings. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1990. 265–72. Bengel, J. A. New Testament Word Studies. Tr. C. T. Lewis and M. R. Vincent. 2 vols. 1864. Repr. Grand Rapids. MI: Kregel, 1971. Berdot, D. N. Exercitatio theologica-exegetica in epistulam Pauli ad Titum. 1703. Berger, K. Apostelbrief und apostolische Rede: Zum Formular frühchristlichen Briefe. ZNW 65 (1974) 190–231. Berkhof, L. Systematic Theology. London: Banner of Truth Trust, 1960. Bertrand, E. Essai critique sur l’authenticité des Épîtres Pastorales. Paris: Libraire Fischbacher, 1888. Bettler, J. F. Guidelines from II Timothy for Counseling People with Fears. WTJ 36 (1973) 198–208. Bindley, T.-H. The Pastoral Epistles. Interpreter 9 (1913) 183–97. Blight, R. C. A Literary-Semantic Analysis of Paul’s First Discourse to Timothy. Ed. J. Beekman. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics, 1997. Boehl, G. Über die Zeit der Abfassung und den paulinischen Charakter der Briefe an Timotheus und Titus. Berlin, 1829. Bordier, P. Les Épîtres Pastorales du Nouveau Testament: Étude sur leur authenticité. Geneva, 1872. Bourdillon, F. Titus in Crete, or Things Which Become Sound Doctrine. London, 1906. Bowman, J. W. The Pastoral Epistles. Int 9 (1955) 436–55. Brandt, W. Das anvertraute Gut: Eine Einführung in die Briefe an Timotheus und Titus. Hamburg: Furche, 1959. ———. Apostolische Anweisung für den kirchlichen Dienst: Eine Einführung in die Briefe an Timotheus und Titus. Berlin: Furche, 1941. Braun, W. Der zweite Timotheusbrief: Eine Einführung. Barmen: Müller, 1922. Brown, L. A. Asceticism and Ideology: The Language of Power in the Pastoral Epistles. Semeia 57 (1992) 77–94. Brox, N. Amt, Kirche und Theologie in der nachapostolischen Epoche—Die Pastoralbriefe. In Gestalt und Anspruch des Neuen Testament, ed. J. Schreiner and G. Dautzenberg. Würzburg: Echter, 1969. 120–33. ———. Historische und theologische Probleme der Pastoralbriefe des Neuen Testaments: Zur Dokumentation der frühchristlichen Amtsgeschichte. Kairos 11 (1969) 81–94. ———. Die Kirche, Säule und Fundament der Wahrheit: Die Einheit der Kirche nach den Pastoralbriefen. BK (1963) 44–47. ———. Profhteiva im ersten Timotheusbrief. BZ 20 (1976) 229–32. Bruce, F. F. 1 and 2 Thessalonians. WBC 45. Waco, TX: Word, 1982. ———. The Epistle to the Galatians: A Commentary on the Greek Text. NIGTC. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1982. ———. Paul, Apostle of the Heart Set Free. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1977. Bruggen, J. van. Die geschichtliche Einordnung der Pastoralbriefe. Wuppertal: Brockhaus, 1981. ———. Die geschichtliche Einordnung der Pastoralbriefe. JETS 25 (1982) 381–82. Bultmann, R. Primitive Christianity in Its Contemporary Setting. Tr. R. H. Fuller. New York: Meridian, 1956. Bush, P. G. A Note on the Structure of 1 Timothy. NTS 36 (1990) 152–56. Burtchaell, J. T. From Synagogue to Church: Public Services and Offices in the Earliest Christian Communities. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1992. Burton, E. D. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians. ICC. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1921. ———. Syntax of the Moods and Tenses in New Testament Greek. 3rd ed. 1898. Repr. Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel, 1981. Butterworth, G. W., tr. and ed. Clement of Alexandria. LCL. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1919. Calvin, J. Sermons on the Epistles to Timothy and Titus: 16th Century Facsimile Editions, 1579. Edinburgh: Banner of Truth Trust, 1983. Campbell, R. A. The Elders: Seniority within Earliest Christianity. Studies of the New Testament and Its World. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1994. ———. Identifying the Faithful Sayings in the Pastoral Epistles. JSNT 54 (1994) 73–86. Campenhausen, H. F. von. Ecclesiastical Authority and Spiritual Power in the Church of the First Three Centuries. Tr. J. A. Baker. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 1969. ———. Tradition and Life in the Church: Essays and Lectures in Church History. Tr. A. V. Littledale. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1968. Carrez, M. Les Épîtres pastorales. In Introduction critique au Nouveau Testament 3, ed. A. George. Paris: Desclée, 1977. Chase, F. Confirmation in the Apostolic Age. London: Macmillan, 1909. Churchill, J. H. The Pastoral Epistles: A Problem for Preachers and Others. SE 7 (1982) 121–31. Cipriani, S. La dottrina del ‘depositum’ nelle Lettere Pastorali. In Studiorum Paulinorum Congressus internationalis catholicus 1961. 2 vols. AnBib 17–18. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1963. 127–42. ———. La ‘viva cristiana’ nelle lettere pastorali. In Una Hostia. FS C. Ursi, ed. S. Muratore and A. Rolla. Napoli: D’Auria, 1983. 69–86. Cohen, S. J. D. Was Timothy Jewish (Acts 16:1–3)? Patristic Exegesis, Rabbinic Law, and Matrilineal Descent. JBL 105 (1986) 251–68. Coleman, T. H., Jr. Interpretation of the Pastoral Epistles and Some Selected Old Testament Wisdom Elements. Ph.D. Diss., Duke University, 1977. Collins, R. F. The Image of Paul in the Pastorals. LTP 31 (1975) 147–73. ———. Pastoral Ministry: Timothy and Titus. Church 3 (1987) 20–24. Connolly, R. H. Didaskalia Apostolorum. Oxford: Clarendon, 1929. Cook, D. The Pastoral Fragments Reconsidered. JTS n.s. 35 (1984) 120–31. Cothenet, E. Les épîtres pastorales. Cahiers Évangile 72. Paris: Cerf, 1990. Couser, G. God and Christian Existence in 1 and 2 Timothy and Titus. Ph.D. Diss., University of Aberdeen, 1992. Cousineau, A. Le sens de ‘presbyteros’ dans les pastorales. ScEs 28 (1976) 147–62. Cramer, M. J. Peculiarities of the Pastoral Epistles. JBL 7 (1887) 3–32. Cranfield, C. E. B. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans. 2 vols. ICC. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1975, 1979. Cranford, L. Encountering Heresy: Insight from the Pastoral Epistles. SWJT 22 (1980) 23–40. Cremer, H. Biblico-Theological Lexicon of New Testament Greek. Tr. W. Urwick. 4th ed. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark; New York: Scribner, 1892. Cruvellier, Y. La notion de Piété dans les Épîtres Pastorales. Études Évangéliques 23 (1963) 41–61. Cuendet, J. La doctrine des Épîtres Pastorales. Lausanne, 1883. Cullmann, O. The Earliest Christian Confessions. London: Lutterworth, 1949. ———. The Early Church. London: SCM Press, 1956. Daube, D. The New Testament and Rabbinic Judaism. London: Athlone, 1956. Davies, M. The Pastoral Epistles. New Testament Guides. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1996. Dayton, M. W. Maintaining the True Doctrine: An Analytical and Expositor Study of 1 Timothy. Th.M. thesis, Dallas Theological Seminary, 1953. Deichgräber, R. Gotteshymnus und Christushymnus in der frühen Christenheit: Untersuchungen zur Form, Sprache und Stil der frühchristlichen Hymnen. SUNT 5. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1967. Deissmann, A. Bible Studies: Contributions, Chiefly from Papyri and Inscriptions, to the History of the Language, the Literature, and the Religion of Hellenistic Judaism and Primitive Christianity. Tr. A. J. Grieve. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1901. ———. Light from the Ancient East: The New Testament Illustrated by Recently Discovered Texts of the Graeco-Roman World. Tr. L. R. M. Strachan. 2nd ed. 1927. Repr. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1978. Dibelius, M. Urchristentum und Kultur. Heidelberg: Carl Winters Universitätsbuchhandlung, 1928. Dittberner, A. Paul and Timothy. TBT 60 (1972) 787–90. Dittenberger, W., ed. Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum. 3rd ed. 4 vols. 1915–1924. Repr. Hildesheim: Olms, 1960. Dornier, P. Les Épîtres Pastorales. In Le Ministère et les Ministères selon le Nouveau Testament, ed. J. Delorme. Paris: Seuil, 1974. Draper, J. T. Titus: Patterns for Church Living. Wheaton, IL: Tyndale, 1978. Dubois, A. Etude critique sur l’authenticité de la première Épître à Timothée. Strasbourg, 1856. Dubois, J. D. Les Pastorales, la Gnose et l’hérésie. FV 94 (1995) 41–48. Eichrodt, W. Theology of the Old Testament. 2 vols. OTL. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1961, 1967. Elliott, J. K. The Greek Text of the Epistles to Timothy and Titus. Ed. J. Geerlings. SD 36. Salt Lake City: University of Utah, 1968. Ellis, E. E. Die Pastoralbriefe und Paulus: Beobachtungen zu Jürgen Roloffs Kommentar über 1. Timotheus. TBei 22 (1991) 208–12. ———. Pastoral Letters. In Dictionary of Paul and His Letters. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1993. 659–66. ———. The Pastorals and Paul. ExpTim 104 (1992) 45–47. ———. Paul and His Opponents: Trends in Research. In Christianity, Judaism, and Other Greco-Roman Cults. FS M. Smith, ed. J. Neusner. Leiden: Brill, 1975. 264–98. ———. Paul and His Recent Interpreters. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1961. ———. Paul’s Use of the Old Testament. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 1957. ———. Traditions in the Pastoral Epistles. In Early Jewish and Christian Exegesis. FS W. H. Brownlee, ed. C. A. Evans and W. F. Stinespring. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1987. 237–53. Evans, H.  ‘Titus, My Partner’: 2 Cor 8:23. ExpTim 90 (1978) 207–9. Ewald, P. Probabilia betreffend den Text des ersten Timotheusbrief. Erlangen, 1901. Eylau, D. Zur Chronologie der Pastoralbriefe. Landsberg: Schneider & Sohn, 1884. Fanning, B. M. Verbal Aspect in New Testament Greek. Oxford: Clarendon, 1990. Fee, G. D. The First Epistle to the Corinthians. NICNT. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1987. ———. God’s Empowering Presence: The Holy Spirit in the Letters of Paul. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994. ———. Gospel and Spirit: Issues in New Testament Hermeneutics. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1991. ———. "Hermeneutics and Common Sense: An Exploratory Essay on the Hermeneutics of the