The Communist Manifesto
By Karl Marx
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The Communist Manifesto is one of the most important writings on politics and society ever written.
Karl Marx
Karl Marx (1818–1883), dessen Eltern beide aus bedeutenden Trierer Rabbinerfamilien stammten, studierte nach dem Abitur zunächst Jura in Bonn, wechselte aber ein Jahr später nach Berlin, wo er früh zu den Linkshegelianern um Bruno Bauer stieß. Nach der Promotion 1841 wurde ihm von der preußischen Regierung aus politischen Gründen der Eintritt in eine akademische Laufbahn verwehrt. Er wurde Herausgeber der liberalen Rheinischen Zeitung, musste allerdings bereits 1843 angesichts der preußischen Zensur nach Paris und später nach Brüssel emigrieren. In Paris begann Marx, sich mit politischer Ökonomie zu beschäftigen, und entwickelte in Kritik an den französischen Sozialisten einen eigenständigen politischen und philosophischen Standpunkt. Mit Friedrich Engels, der 1845 mit ihm nach Brüssel ging und ihn zeitlebens auch finanziell unterstützte, verband ihn eine lebenslange Freundschaft sowie enge politische und publizistische Zusammenarbeit. Im Revolutionsjahr 1848 verfassten Marx und Engels für den »Bund der Kommunisten« das Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei. Zeugnis der politisch-ökonomischen Studien der Pariser Zeit sind die aus dem Nachlass herausgegebenen Ökonomisch-philosophischen Manuskripte (PhB 559). 1849 wurde Marx als Staatenloser aus Brüssel ausgewiesen und ging nach London. Am Kapital (1. Aufl. 1867), in dem Marx aus der Kritik der klassischen politischen Ökonomie die Mehrwert- und Ausbeutungstheorie als Theorie der Akkumulation des Kapitals entwickelte, arbeitete er bis zu seinem Tod beständig weiter. Marx, der neben seiner politischen Tätigkeit ein gewaltiges publizistisches Werk verfasst hat, ist der einflussreichste Theoretiker des Kommunismus. Seine Schriften prägten die Arbeiterbewegungen des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts weltweit.
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The Communist Manifesto - Karl Marx
THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO
..................
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
Translated by Helen Macfarlane
CHIOS CLASSICS
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Copyright © 2015 by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
MANIFESTO OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY
I. BOURGEOIS AND PROLETARIANS
II. PROLETARIANS AND COMMUNISTS
III. SOCIALIST AND COMMUNIST LITERATURE
IV. POSITION OF THE COMMUNISTS IN RELATION TO THE VARIOUS EXISTING OPPOSITION PARTIES
The Communist Manifesto
By
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
MANIFESTO OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY
..................
A spectre is haunting Europe—the spectre of Communism.
All the Powers of old Europe have entered into a holy alliance to
exorcise this spectre: Pope and Czar, Metternich and Guizot,
French Radicals and German police-spies.
Where is the party in opposition that has not been decried as Communistic by its opponents in power? Where is the Opposition that has not hurled back the branding reproach of Communism, against the more advanced opposition parties, as well as against its reactionary adversaries?
Two things result from this fact.
I. Communism is already acknowledged by all European Powers to be itself a Power.
II. It is high time that Communists should openly, in the face of the whole world, publish their views, their aims, their tendencies, and meet this nursery tale of the Spectre of Communism with a Manifesto of the party itself.
To this end, Communists of various nationalities have assembled in London, and sketched the following Manifesto, to be published in the English, French, German, Italian, Flemish and Danish languages.
I. BOURGEOIS AND PROLETARIANS
..................
The history of all hitherto existing societies is the history of class struggles.
Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary re-constitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes.
In the earlier epochs of history, we find almost everywhere a complicated arrangement of society into various orders, a manifold gradation of social rank. In ancient Rome we have patricians, knights, plebeians, slaves; in the Middle Ages, feudal lords, vassals, guild-masters, journeymen, apprentices, serfs; in almost all of these classes, again, subordinate gradations.
The modern bourgeois society that has sprouted from the ruins of feudal society has not done away with class antagonisms. It has but established new classes, new conditions of oppression, new forms of struggle in place of the old ones. Our epoch, the epoch of the bourgeoisie, possesses, however, this distinctive feature: it has simplified the class antagonisms. Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes, directly facing each other: Bourgeoisie and Proletariat.
From the serfs of the Middle Ages sprang the chartered burghers of the earliest