Schaum's Outline of French Grammar, Seventh Edition

By Mary Coffman Crocker

Tough Test Questions? Missed Lectures? Not Enough Time? Fortunately, there’s Schaum’s. More than 40 million students have trusted Schaum’s to help them succeed in the classroom and on exams. Schaum’s is the key to faster learning and higher grades in every subject. Each Outline presents all the essential course information in an easy-to-follow, topic-by-topic format. You also get hundreds of examples, sovled problems, and practice exercises to test your skills. This Schaum’s Outline gives you: •Hundreds of practice problems with step-by-step solutions to reinforce knowledge •New appendix on punctuation •Support for all major textbooks for courses in French Grammar •Access to revised Schaums.com website with access to over 100 online audio recordings and more. Schaum’s reinforces the main concepts required in your course and offers hundreds of practice questions to help you suceed. Use Schaum’s to shorten your study time-and get your best test scores! Schaum’s Outlines – Problem solved.

• Language: English
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
• Release date: Oct 22, 2018
• ISBN: 9781260120967

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MARY E. COFFMAN CROCKER is a French editor, author, and consultant in Toronto, Ontario. She was previously Senior Editor, French as a Second Language, Copp Clark Pitman, Toronto, Ontario; Directrice des Éditions, Langues Secondes, Centre Éducatif et Culturel, Montréal, Québec; and Sponsoring Editor, Foreign Language Department, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, New York. She is also the author of Schaum’s Outline of French Vocabulary, Fourth Edition and a biographee in Who’s Who of American Women, Ninth Edition.

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PREFACE

This review book has been designed and developed in order to facilitate the study of French grammar. The book is divided into nine chapters. Each one concentrates on the basic problem areas of the language: nouns and articles; adjectives and adverbs; prepositions; numbers, dates, and time; verbs; interrogatives; negatives; pronouns; and special meanings of certain verbs.

Each grammatical or structural point is introduced by a simple explanation in English. The explanation is further clarified by many concrete examples. It is recommended that you first read the explanation and then study the illustrative examples. You should then write out the answers to the exercises that follow. You should rewrite the entire sentence in fill-in-the-blank exercises even though only one or two words are required. It is recommended that you correct yourself immediately before proceeding to the next exercise. An answer key appears at the end of the book.

Many of the exercises involve authentic, meaningful contexts and practical, real-life situations to which students can relate. Some of the exercises will require you to understand meaning as well as form in order to successfully complete them. Other exercises provide for openended and personalized answers. These exercises will help you develop proficiency in French and prepare for communicative activities in your classroom.

One of the most difficult and tedious tasks in acquiring a second language is learning the many forms that exist in the language, whether they are noun, adjective, or verb forms. In Schaum’s Outline of French Grammar, all forms have been logically grouped in order to make their acquisition as simple as possible and also to minimize what at first appear to be irregularities. In many texts, the verbs courir, rire, rompre, and conclure are treated as separate irregular verbs in the present tense. You will note, however, that these verbs have a lot in common. The same endings as those for regular -re verbs are added to the infinitive stem except in the third person singular:

courir—il court, je cours, tu cours, nous courons, vous courez, ils courent

rire—il rit, je ris, tu ris, nous rions, vous riez, ils rient

rompre—il rompt, je romps, tu romps, nous rompons, vous rompez, ils rompent

conclure—il conclut, je conclus, tu conclus, nous concluons, vous concluez, ils concluent

This can be done with many verbs in all tenses. Making such groupings will greatly facilitate your task of mastering the many forms.

Schaum’s Outline of French Grammar can be used as a review text, as a companion to any basic text, or as a reference book. In order to reinforce each point you are learning in your basic text, you may wish to get additional practice by doing the clear, logically organized exercises provided throughout this book. Each chapter contains review exercises. These sections are indicated by the gray bar in the outer margin.

See the inside ad to find directions on downloading a companion audio recording. Based on selected material (page 389) from the answer key, you can use this recording to practice your French comprehension and pronunciation skills.

New to this edition are French typographical rules.

For a review of vocabulary organized by topic, see Schaum’s Outline of French Vocabulary.

MARY E. COFFMAN CROCKER

Spelling Reforms

Although the Académie française has recently recommended spelling reforms, they are not widely implemented so the changes are not applied in the body of this book and in most textbooks. The Académie considers both the old and the new forms correct. Following are some of the new rules.

The circumflex (^) is no longer obligatory on the letters i and u except when the missing accent could be confused for another word

But:

il croît (it grows), not to be confused with il croit (he believes) mûr (ripe), not to be confused with mur (wall)

All compound numbers can now be hyphenated.

With verbs that have the letter é in the next to the last syllable of the infinitive, the é becomes è in the future and conditional tenses.

The agreement of the past participle of laisser when followed by an infinitive is now optional.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1        Nouns and Articles

Gender and the Definite Article

Singular Forms.

Gender Identification by Word Endings

Nouns Indicating Occupations, Nationalities, Relationships and Domestic Animals

Words with Different Meanings in Masculine and Feminine Forms

Plural Forms of Nouns

Regular Plurals.

Nouns Ending in -s, -x or -z.

Nouns Ending in -au, -eau, -eu or -œu.

Nouns Ending in -ou.

Nouns Ending in -al.

Nouns Ending in -ail.

Irregular Plurals.

Singular or Plural

Compound Nouns

Special Uses of the Definite Article

With General or Abstract Nouns.

With Titles.

With Languages and Academic Subjects.

With Days of the Week, Seasons, Dates and Time Expressions.

With Names of Continents, Countries, Provinces, Regions, Islands, Mountains and Rivers.

With Weights and Measures.

With Parts of the Body or Clothing.

Omission of the Definite Article

Contractions of the Definite Article

The Indefinite Article

Omission of the Indefinite Article

After the Verb être.

Other Omissions of the Indefinite Article.

The Partitive Article

The Partitive Article Versus the Definite and Indefinite Articles

Exceptions to the Rule for Using the Partitive Article

When the Sentence is Negative.

When an Adjective Precedes a Noun in the Plural.

After Expressions of Quantity and Expressions with de.

CHAPTER 2        Adjectives and Adverbs

Formation of the Feminine of Adjectives

Regular Forms.

Adjectives Ending in a Vowel, Pronounced Consonant or Mute -e.

Adjectives Ending in -el, -eil, -il, -en, -on, -et and -s.

Adjectives Ending in -er.

Adjectives Ending in -x.

Adjectives Ending in -eur.

Adjectives Ending in -f.

Adjectives Ending in -c.

Irregular Adjectives.

The Adjectives beau, nouveau, vieux.

Plural of Adjectives

Regular Forms.

Adjectives Ending in -s or -x.

Adjectives Ending in -eu or -eau.

Adjectives Ending in -al.

Agreement Problems of Certain Adjectives

Adjectives of Color.

Compound Adjectives

Position of Adjectives

Adjectives That Change Meaning According to Position

Formation of Adverbs

Regular Forms.

Adverbs Formed from Adjectives Ending in a Vowel.

Adverbs Ending in -ément.

Adverbs Ending in -amment and -emment.

Irregular Adverbs.

Position of Adverbs

Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs

Regular Comparisons.

Comparative Followed by a Noun.

Superlative of Adjectives and Adverbs

Irregular Comparatives and Superlatives

Adjectives without Comparative and Superlative Forms.

Useful Phrases with Comparatives and Superlatives.

Possessive Adjectives

Use of the Definite Article as a Possessive.

With on, personne, tout le monde.

With chacun.

Demonstrative Adjectives

Indefinite Adjectives

CHAPTER 3        Prepositions

Uses of Certain Prepositions

Prepositions to Indicate Location or Direction to or from a Place

À, de, dans, en, chez.

Prepositions with Geographical Names

À.

En.

Au.

Dans.

De.

Prepositions with Modes of Transportation

Prepositions with Expressions of Time

À, at.

Dans, en, in.

Avant, before and après, after.

Prepositions Used to Join Two Nouns

To Indicate Function or to Join a Noun that Modifies Another Noun.

To Mean with.

To Introduce the Material from Which an Object is Made.

Prepositions of Cause

Prepositions After Indefinite Pronouns

Prepositions in Adverbial Clauses of Manner

Prepositions to Introduce an Infinitive Depending on a Noun or Adjective

To Indicate Function, Result or Tendency.

After Expressions of Duration, Length of Time and Position of the Body.

CHAPTER 4        Numbers, Dates, Time

Numbers

Cardinal Numbers.

Ordinal Numbers.

Collective Numbers.

Fractions.

Arithmetical Operations.

Dimensions.

Dates

Time

CHAPTER 5        Verbs

Moods and Tenses

Subject Personal Pronouns

The Present Tense

First Conjugation Verbs.

Verbs Beginning with a Vowel.

Verbs with Spelling Changes:

Verbs ending in -cer and -ger;

Verbs with -é- in the infinitive;

Verbs with -e- in the infinitive;

Verbs with -yer in the infinitive.

Second Conjugation Verbs.

Third Conjugation Verbs.

Irregular Verbs:

Verbs like ouvrir;

Verbs like courir, rire, rompre, conclure;

Battre and mettre;

Verbs like partir;

Vaincre;

Verbs like connaître;

Plaire and se taire.

Verbs with Infinitives Ending in -ire:

Lire, dire, conduire, traduire;

Écrire, vivre, suivre;

Croire, voir and mourir;

Verbs like craindre, peindre, joindre;

Verbs like prendre;

Venir and tenir;

Acquérir and conquérir;

Pouvoir, vouloir, pleuvoir;

Boire, devoir, recevoir;

Avoir;

Être;

Aller;

Faire;

Savoir;

Valoir and falloir.

Special Uses of the Present Tense:

Depuis, il y a ... que, voilà ... que, and ça fait ... que plus the present tense;

Venir de plus the infinitive.

Reflexive / Pronominal Verbs

S’asseoir.

Reflexive Verbs with Parts of the Body.

Reflexive versus Nonreflexive Verbs.

Reflexive Verbs in the Infinitive.

Imperatives

Affirmative Imperatives.

The Affirmative Imperative of Reflexive Verbs.

The Negative Imperative.

The Negative Imperative of Reflexive Verbs.

The Present Participle

Formation.

Use.

The Imperfect Tense

Regular Forms.

Verbs with Spelling Changes.

Être.

Uses of the Imperfect Tense

Continuing or Habitual Action.

With Verbs Denoting Mental Activity or Conditions.

Descriptions in the Past.

Si and the Imperfect Tense.

Depuis, il y avait... que, voilà... que, ça faisait... que and the Imperfect Tense.

Venir de in the Imperfect Tense.

The Conversational Past Tense (Passé Composé) of Verbs Conjugated with Avoir

The Passé Composé of -er Verbs.

The Passé Composé of -ir Verbs.

The Passé Composé of -re Verbs.

Irregular Past Participles:

Past participle ending in -é;

Past participle ending in -i, -is, -it;

Past participle ending in -ait;

Past participles ending in -u;

Past participles ending in -ert;

Past participle of verbs ending in -indre.

Agreement of the Past Participle with Verbs Conjugated with avoir.

The Passé Composé of Verbs Conjugated with Être

Monter, descendre, sortir, entrer, rentrer with être and avoir in the Passé Composé.

Passer with être and avoir in the Passé Composé.

The Passé Composé of Reflexive Verbs.

Agreement of the Past Participle with Reflexive Pronouns.

Uses of the Passé Composé

Present Perfect.

Past Action.

Differences between the Passé Composé and the Imperfect Tense:

Specific action versus habitual or continuing action;

With souvent, parfois, quelquefois;

Specific action versus ongoing action;

Events versus background;

Verbs with different meanings in the imperfect and passé composé.

The Literary Past Tense (Passé Simple)

The Passé Simple of -er Verbs.

The Passé Simple of -ir and -re Verbs.

Irregular Verbs Building the Passé Simple upon the Past Participle:

Verbs with past participles ending in -i;

Verbs with past participles ending in -i plus a consonant;

Verbs with past participles ending in -u.

Irregular Verbs not Building the Passé Simple upon the Past Participle.

The Future

Aller with an Infinitive.

Regular Forms of the Future Tense.

Verbs Using the Third Person Singular Form of the Present Tense as the Future Stem:

Verbs ending in -yer;

Verbs with -e- in the infinitive.

Verbs with Irregular Future Stems.

Special Uses of the Future Tense:

After certain conjunctions;

After penser que, savoir que, espérer que, ne pas savoir si and in indirect discourse;

To express probability.

The Conditional

Formation of the Present Conditional.

Uses of the Conditional:

To express the idea would;

After certain conjunctions;

To soften a request, command or desire;

To express possibility or unsure action;

In indirect discourse.

Compound Tenses

Pluperfect Tense (Plus-que-parfait).

Future Perfect Tense (Futur Antérieur).

Past Conditional (Passé du Conditionnel).

The Past Anterior (Passé Antérieur) and the Passé Surcomposé.

Si Clauses

The Subjunctive Mood

Present Subjunctive

Regular Forms.

Spelling Changes in the Present Subjunctive.

Verbs with Internal Vowel Changes in the Present Subjunctive:

Verbs with -é- in the infinitive;

Verbs with -e- in the infinitive;

Prendre, tenir, venir.

Verbs with Variable Bases in the Present Subjunctive.

Verbs with Irregular Bases in the Present Subjunctive.

Uses of the Subjunctive:

Subjunctive in noun clauses;

Subjunctive with impersonal expressions that express opinion or emotions;

Subjunctive with expressions of doubt;

Subjunctive with subordinate conjunctions;

Subjunctive as an imperative;

Subjunctive after an affirmation.

Subjunctive in relative clauses:

Indefinite antecedent;

After rien, personne, quelqu’un;

With the superlative and seul, unique.

Subjunctive after indefinite words such as si... que, quelque... que, quel... que, qui que..., etc.

Avoiding the Subjunctive.

The Past Subjunctive

The Imperfect Subjunctive

Use of the Imperfect Subjunctive.

The Pluperfect Subjunctive

Use of the Pluperfect Subjunctive.

Si Clauses in the Subjunctive

Sequence of Tenses in Indirect Discourse

Indirect Discourse in Sentences with an Interrogative Word.

Interrogative Pronouns in Indirect Discourse.

Inversion of the Subject in Indirect Discourse.

Uses of the Infinitive

After Prepositions.

As a Noun.

As an Imperative.

In an Interrogative Phrase Expressing Deliberation.

In an Exclamatory Phrase.

Faire in Causative Construction.

Laisser and Verbs of Perception plus the Infinitive.

The Use of the Prepositions à and de before an Infinitive.

Passive Voice

Forms of the Passive Voice.

True Passive with être.

The Passive Voice with se.

CHAPTER 6        Interrogative Words and Constructions

Forming Questions

Interrogative Forms by Inversion—Simple Tenses

Interrogative Forms by Inversion—Compound Tenses

Interrogative Adverbs and Adverbial Expressions

Interrogative Pronouns

Qu’est-ce que c’est? Qu’est-ce que?

Interrogative Adjective Quel

Interrogative Pronoun Lequel

CHAPTER 7        Negative Words and Constructions

Negation of Simple Tenses

Negation of Compound Tenses

The Negative Interrogative

Si in Answer to a Negative Question

Omission of Pas

Negation of the Infinitive

Negative Words and Phrases

CHAPTER 8        Pronouns

Subject Pronouns

Direct Object Pronouns

Le, la, l’, les.

Special Use of the Pronoun le.

Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns

Me, te, nous, vous.

Indirect Object Pronouns

Lui, leur.

The Pronoun Y

The Pronoun En

Double Object Pronouns

Position of Object Pronouns

With Conjugated Verbs.

With an Infinitive.

With Infinitive Constructions: Causative faire (faire faire), laisser and Verbs of Perception.

With Affirmative Commands.

Reflexive Pronouns

Disjunctive Pronouns

Possessive Pronouns

Demonstrative Pronouns

Indefinite Demonstrative Pronouns

Ce, ceci, cela (ça).

Relative Pronouns

Qui who, which, that.

Que whom, which, that.

Ce qui and ce que.

Relative Pronouns with Prepositions Other than de: Qui, lequel.

Où.

Relative Pronouns with the Preposition de: Dont, duquel.

Quoi, ce dont.

Indefinite Pronouns

CHAPTER 9        Special Meanings of Certain Verbs

Expressions with Aller

Expressions with Avoir

Expressions with Être

Expressions with Faire

Special Uses of Other Verbs

Devoir, pouvoir, savoir, vouloir.

Habiter, demeurer, vivre.

Jouer, jouer à, jouer de.

Manquer, manquer à, manquer de.

Penser à, penser de.

Partir, sortir, s’en aller, laisser, quitter.

Passer, se passer, se passer de.

Plaire.

Se rappeler, se souvenir de.

Servir, se servir de.

Savoir versus connaître.

Venir de.

Answers to Exercises

Verb Charts

Index

Companion Audio Recording

CHAPTER 1

Nouns and Articles

Gender and the Definite Article

Singular Forms

All French nouns, unlike English nouns, have a gender. Every noun is either masculine or feminine. Nouns that refer specifically to males (people or animals), such as father, son, etc., are masculine. Those that refer to females (people or animals), such as mother, daughter, etc., are feminine. For most other nouns, gender is usually arbitrary and must be memorized.

The definite article (the) that accompanies masculine nouns is le. La accompanies feminine nouns. L’ is used before masculine or feminine nouns beginning with a vowel or silent h.

1. Complete the following with the correct form of the definite article le, la or I’.

1. _______ garçon joue avec _______ chatte dans _______ salon.

2. _______ père prépare _______ dîner à _______ maison.

3. _______ professeur enseigne _______ histoire, _______ anglais, _______ géographie et _______ philosophie.

4. _______ arbre est plus grand que _______ fleur.

5. _______ chienne joue avec _______ chat sur _______ plage.

6. _______ artiste dessine _______ portrait.

7. _______ ami de Pierre joue avec _______ sœur de Marie.

8. _______ sœur regarde _______ statue dans _______ musée.

9. _______ enfant aime _______ bifteck et _______ fromage.

10. _______ mère laisse _______ lettre sur _______ bureau.

Gender Identification by Word Endings

Nouns ending in -sion, -tion, -aison, -ance, -ence, -té, -ude, -ale, -ole, -ie and -ure are usually feminine.

Nouns ending in -asme, -isme, -eau, -ment and -acle are usually masculine.

2. Complete the following sentences with the definite article le, la or I’. For each word beginning with a vowel, indicate whether it is masculine or feminine by writing I’(f.) or I’(m.).

1. _____ prononciation et ______intonation sont importantes dans ______étude des langues.

2. Elle étudie ______ classicisme, ______ romantisme, ______ symbolisme et ______ civilisation française.

3. Ils admirent ______ beauté de ______ peinture.

4. Elle étudie ______ impressionisme et ______ culture française.

5. Dès ______ naissance, il faut surveiller ______ nourriture du bébé.

6. ______ sarcasme sera évident dans ______ spectacle de ce soir.

7. ______ multitude exprime ______ certitude.

8. ______ parlement est dans ______ bâtiment en face.

9. Elle étudie philosophie.

Nouns Indicating Occupations, Nationalities, Relationships and Domestic Animals

Nouns indicating professions, trades, nationalities, relationships and domestic animals have both masculine and feminine forms.

Occupations¹

3. Complete the following sentences with the correct word and article.

1. _____ __________ Pierre Letarte enseigne à l’école Brébœuf.

2. Anne est la fille de Madame Dupont. Pierre est le fils de la sœur de Madame Dupont. Anne est _____ __________ de Pierre.

3. _____ __________ Marie Pierron travaille avec les ordinateurs.

4. _____ __________ Peter Smith habite l’Angleterre.

5. _____ __________ Simone Leclerc danse avec le Ballet national.

6. Pierre donne beaucoup à manger à ses animaux; donc, _____ __________ de Pierre est grosse.

Words with Different Meanings in Masculine and Feminine Forms

The following pairs of words have different meanings for masculine and feminine forms.

4. Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the definite article le or la.

1. ______ critique fait ______ critique du roman.

2. On a offert ______ poste à ______ poste à M. Dupont.

3. On a fait tour de tour Eiffel.

4. ______ voile que la veuve porte est noir. ______ voile du bateau est jaune.

5. ______ guide explique comment tenir ______ guide du cheval.

6. Les pommes coûtent 3,50 € ______ kilo.

7. ______ mode détermine l’habit de l’homme.

8. L’homme se chauffe devant ______ poêle. Il met le bacon dans ______ poêle.

9. ______ manche de cette robe est déchirée. ______ manche de cette poêle est cassé.

10. Ne cassez pas ______ vase!

Plural Forms of Nouns

Regular Plurals

Most nouns are made plural by adding s to the singular forms. Les is the definite article accompanying all plural nouns. Note the liaison between les and a word beginning with a vowel.

Nouns Ending in -s, -x or -z

Nouns ending in -s, -x or -z are alike in both the singular and plural forms.

Nouns Ending in -au, -eau, -eu or -œu

Nouns ending in -au, -eau, -eu or -œu add x to form the plural.

Nouns Ending in -ou

Nouns ending in -ou generally add s to form the plural.

Some nouns ending in -ou add x to form the plural.

Nouns Ending in -al

Many nouns ending in -al in the singular change -al to -aux to form the plural.

Nouns Ending in -ail

Many nouns ending in -ail add s to form the plural.

Irregular Plurals

Family names do not add s to form the plural.

5. Complete the following with the correct form of the indicated noun.

1. Les ____________ sont petites. table

2. J’aime beaucoup les ____________ de Baudelaire. vers

3. Ne mange pas les ____________, ma petite. noyau

4. As-tu des ____________? sou

5. Le chien est couvert de ____________. pou

6. J’adore les ____________. festival

7. ____________, ____________ et ____________, écoutez bien. Monsieur, madame, mademoiselle

8. Frottez-vous les ____________. genou

9. Les ____________ de forêt sont destructifs. feu

10. Les ____________ sont gentils. ami

11. Le Martien a deux ____________. nez

12. Faites des ____________ pour le retour du beau ciel bleu. vœu

13. Les éléphants sont de grands ____________. animal

14. Regarde les jolis ____________ de l’église. vitrail

15. J’aime beaucoup manger les ____________. chou

16. Il fait très chaud. Voici des ____________. éventail

6. Rewrite the following, changing all nouns to the plural. Make any other necessary changes.

1. La loi est juste.

2. La voix est jolie.

3. Regardez le feu!

4. Le trou est grand.

5. Le repas est bon.

6. Le journal explique le travail.

7. L’école est moderne.

8. Le château est joli.

9. Le détail du dessin sur le chandail est magnifique.

10. Le prix est élevé.

11. Le jeu est amusant.

12. Voilà le clou.

13. Le bijou est joli.

14. Le caillou est petit.

15. Le bateau est grand.

16. Le museé est grand.

17. L’œil est grand.

18. Le cheval est l’animal que vous aimez.

19. Monsieur, regardez la peinture.

20. Le bal a lieu samedi.

21. Le gentilhomme est grand.

22. Voici un bonhomme de neige.

7. Rewrite the following, changing the nouns to the singular. Make all necessary changes.

1. Les rois habitent dans les châteaux.

2. Les nez sont grands.

3. Les joujoux sont intéressants.

4. Les carnavals sont amusants.

5. Les cieux sont bleus.

6. Les amis sont aimables.

7. Les peaux de vison sont chères.

8. Les journaux sont intéressants.

9. Les aïeux sont céèbres.

10. Les yeux sont bruns.

11. Les bras sont forts.

12. Les clous sont longs.

13. Les vitraux sont jolis.

14. Les vœux sont compréhensibles.

15. Les chandails sont chauds.

16. Les hiboux sont noirs.

17. Les voix des chanteurs sont jolies.

18. Les jeux de cartes sont intéressants.

Singular or Plural

Some nouns that are usually plural in English are singular in French.

Some nouns that are always singular in English are plural in French.

8. Complete the following with the correct from of the definite article.

1. ____________ funérailles pour M. Dupont auront lieu lundi prochain.

2. ____________ nouvelles à la téé sont à six heures du soir.

3. ____________ honoraires de votre comptable augmenteront cette année.

4. ____________ police va arrêter le criminel.

Compound Nouns

The plural of compound nouns is irregular.

1. If formed with two nouns in apposition, with a noun and an adjective, or with two adjectives, an s or x is added to both parts to form the plural.

2. If the compound noun is formed by a noun and its complement, only the first part is plural.

3. In rare cases, s is added only to the last part.

4. If the compound noun is formed by an invariable word plus a noun, only the noun is made plural.

5. If the compound noun is formed by a verb and its complement, both parts are invariable. The plural is the same as the singular.

6. Other compound nouns that are the same in the singular and in the plural are as follows.

9. Rewrite the following sentences, putting the nouns in the plural.

1. L’après-midi le grand-père dort.

2. Le réveille-matin sonne à huit heures du matin.

3. La grand-mère met le chou-fleur dans le panier pour le pique-nique.

4. Il lit le chef-d’œuvre de Racine.

5. Il y a un gratte-ciel à New York.

6. Le timbre-poste est dans le coffre-fort.

7. Il faut nettoyer le pare-brise.

8. Pour ouvrir la bouteille de vin, prenez un tire-bouchon.

9. Le beau-frère mange le hors-d’œuvre.

10. La belle-sœur aime l’arc-en-ciel.

Special Uses of the Definite Article

With General or Abstract Nouns

Unlike English usage, in French the definite article must be used with all abstract nouns or nouns used in a general sense. Compare the French and English in the following examples.

L’homme est mortel.

Man is mortal.

Il aime les bananes.

He likes bananas.

La biologie est une science.

Biology is a science.

L’amour est divin.

Love is divine.

Les cigarettes ne sont pas bonnes pour la santé.

Cigarettes are not good for the health.

The definite article is used when infinitives and adjectives are used as abstract nouns.

Le rire est bon pour la santé mentale.

Laughter is good for mental health.

Le tragique de l’histoire c’est que l’accident n’était pas inévitable.

The tragic aspect of the story is that the accident was not inevitable.

L’essentiel c’est de bien travailler.

The essential thing is to work well.

10. Complete the following with the appropriate definite article.

1. ______ Français sont fiers.

2. ______ vie est dure.

3. ______ patience est une vertu.

4. ______ chiens sont des animaux

5. ______ diamants sont des bijoux. conscientes de leurs droits.

6. ______ bananes sont des fruits.

7. ______ automne est une saison.

8. ______ charbon est noir.

9. Il aime ______ pommes frites.

10. Il n’aime pas ______ épinards.

11. ______ biologie est une science. ______ domestiques.

12. ______ femmes d’aujourd’hui sont

13. ______ essentiel c’est de bien écouter avant de répondre.

With Titles

When talking about someone, the definite article must be used with titles. The article is omitted, however, in direct address.

Le docteur Martin est dentiste.

Doctor Martin is a dentist.

But:

Bonjour, docteur Martin.

Hello, Doctor Martin.

Le général Pierron est arrivé.

General Pierron has arrived.

But:

Comment allez-vous, général Pierron?

How are you, General Pierron?

The article is never used with monsieur, madame and mademoiselle in direct address.

Monsieur Le Blanc vient.

Mr. Le Blanc is coming.

Comment allez-vous, Madame Le Blanc?

How are you, Mrs. Le Blanc?

In formal address, the article is used before the title.

Bonjour, madame la présidente.

11. Complete the following with the appropriate definite article, when it is necessary.

1. ______ docteur Merlier est un grand

2. ______ comte de Deauville est ici.

3. Bonjour, ______ professeur Le Blanc.

4. ______ Mademoiselle Pierron habite à Roanne.

5. Où allez-vous, ______ Monsieur Péneau?

6. Savez-vous qui est ______ Madame homme. Leclerc?

7. Comment allez-vous, ______ Madame Mercier?

8. Bonjour, monsieur ______ président.

9. capitaine Andrieu va faire un discours.

10. présidente préside l’assemblée.

With Languages and Academic Subjects

The definite article is used with languages unless the name of the language immediately follows the verb parler or the prepositions de or en.

Le français est une belle langue.

French is a beautiful language.

J’étudie le français et l’anglais.

I study French and English.

Je parle très bien (le) français.

I speak French very well.

But:

Je parle français.

I speak French.

J’ai un livre de français.

I have a French textbook.

Ce livre est écrit en français.

This book is written in French.

The definite article is also used with academic subjects.

J’étudie l’histoire et les mathématiques.

I study history and mathematics.

12. Complete the following with the definite article, when it is necessary.

1. Parlez-vous ______ français?

2. Il parle très couramment ______ français.

3. J’apprends ______ biologie.

4. ______ russe est une langue difficile.

5. Est-ce que c’est un livre de ______ russe?

6. Elle lui écrit en ______ allemand.

7. Dites-vous cela en ______ anglais?

With Days of the Week, Seasons, Dates and Time Expressions

The definite article is used with days of the week to indicate habitual occurrence. The definite article has the meaning of every or on. The definite article accompanying the days of the week is masculine.

J’ai ma classe de français le lundi.

I have my French class on Mondays (every Monday).

Le dimanche, je ne travaille pas.

On Sunday(s) I don’t work.

The definite article is omitted when talking about a particular day.

Je suis allé au cinéma lundi.

I went to the movies (on) Monday.

Je viendrai vous voir samedi.

I will come to see you (on) Saturday.

Dimanche est le dernier jour de la semaine.

Sunday is the last day of the week.

The definite article has the meaning of in the when used with parts of the day.

Le matin, je vais à l’église.

In the morning, I go to church.

L’après-midi, je vais à la plage.

In the afternoon, I go to the beach.

Le soir, je vais au cinéma.

In the evening, I go to the movies.

The definite article is used with seasons when discussing the season in a general sense.

L’été est une saison agréable.

Summer is a nice season.

L’hiver est une saison froide.

Winter is a cold season.

But:

Je vais à la plage en été.

I go to the beach in summer.

Je fais du ski en hiver.

I ski in winter.

les robes d’hiver

winter dresses

The definite article is used with dates.

Le 15 septembre, les classes recommencent.

On the 15th of September (September 15) classes resume.

Il sera ici le 10 août.

He will be here on the 10th of August (August 10).

13. Complete the following with the definite article, when it is necessary.

1. ______ Mercredi est le troisième jour de la semaine.

2. Je vais toujours au cinéma ______ samedi.

3. ______ automne est ma saison favorite.

4. Il n’y a pas de classes ______ dimanche.

5. Il fait beau en ______ automne.

6. Mes vacances commencent ______ vendredi.

7. J’ai mon cours de philosophie ______ lundi.

8. Je suis allé au musée ______ samedi dernier.

9. Il vous verra ______ mercredi prochain.

10. ______ 2 juin je pars en vacances.

11. Il viendra ______ 15 octobre.

12. Je pourrais vous voir ______ matin ou ______ après-midi.

14. Answer the following questions.

1. Quel jour est-ce aujourd’hui?

2. Demain, c’est quel jour?

3. Quel est ton jour préféré?

4. Quels jours vas-tu au cours?

5. Quel jour fais-tu les courses?

6. Quels sont les jours de la fin de semaine?

7. Quand vas-tu au cinéma?

8. Quels jours as-tu ton cours de français?

With Names of Continents, Countries, Provinces, Regions, Islands, Mountains and Rivers

The definite article is used with names of continents, countries, provinces, regions, islands, mountains and rivers.

La France n’est pas un grand pays.

France is not a large country.

La Bretagne est pittoresque.

Brittany is picturesque.

L’Amérique du Nord est un vaste continent.

North America is a vast continent.

La Corse est une île méditerranéenne.

Corsica is a Mediterranean island.

Les Pyrénées sont entre la France et l’Espagne.

The