Judith

By Lawrence M. Wills

Judith tells the story of a beautiful Jewish woman who enters the tent of an invading general, gets him drunk, and then slices off his head, thus saving her village and Jerusalem. This short novella was somewhat surprisingly included in the early Christian versions of the Old Testament and has played an important role in the Western tradition ever since. This commentary provides a detailed analysis of the text's composition and its meaning in its original historical context, and thoroughly surveys the history of Judith scholarship. Lawrence M. Wills not only considers Judith's relation to earlier biblical texts--how the author played upon previous biblical motifs and interpreted important biblical passages--but also addresses the rise of Judith and other Jewish novellas in the context of ancient Near Eastern and Greek literature, as well as their relation to cross-cultural folk motifs. Because of the popularity of Judith in art and culture, this volume also addresses the book's history of interpretation in paintings, sculpture, music, drama, and literature. A number of images of artistic depictions of Judith are included and discussed in detail.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Fortress Press
• Release date: Nov 5, 2019
• ISBN: 9781506463827

Book preview

Judith

A Commentary on the Book of Judith

By Lawrence M. Wills

Edited by Sidnie White Crawford

Fortress Press

Minneapolis

Old Testament Editorial Board

Sidnie White Crawford, University of Nebraska, chair

Paul D. Hanson, Harvard University, emeritus

Thomas Krüger, University of Zurich

Peter Machinist, Harvard University

S. Dean McBride Jr., Union Theological Seminary in Virginia, emeritus

Andreas Schuele, University of Leipzig

David Vanderhooft, Boston College

Molly Zahn, University of Kansas

New Testament Editorial Board

Harold W. Attridge, Yale University, chair

Adela Yarbro Collins, Yale University

Eldon Jay Epp, Case Western Reserve University

Hans-Josef Klauck, University of Chicago

AnneMarie Luijendijk, Princeton University

Laura S. Nasrallah, Harvard University

Judith

A Commentary

Copyright © 2019 Fortress Press, an imprint of 1517 Media

All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in critical articles or reviews, no part of this book may be reproduced in any manner without prior written permission from the publisher. Write: Permissions, Fortress Press, Box 1209, Minneapolis, MN 55440-1209.

Scripture quotations from the New Revised ­Standard Version of the Bible are copyright © 1989 by the ­Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A. and are used by permission.

Cover and interior design by Kenneth Hiebert

Typesetting and page composition by

The HK Scriptorium

Print ISBN: 978-0-8006-6105-2

eISBN: : 978-1-5064-6382-7

The paper used in this publication meets the mini­mum ­requirements of American National Standard

for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z329.48–1984.

Manufactured in the U.S.A.

Contents

Excurses

The Author

Endnotes

Foreword

Acknowledgments

Reference Codes

1. Abbreviations

2. Short Titles

Introduction

1. The Name Judith, the Title of the Book, and Its Place in the Canon

2. Historical Context of Judith: Historicity, Date, Author, Location of Composition, Language

3. Literary Structure

4. Possible Sources of the Story

5. The Feminist Interpretation of Judith in the Last Century

6. Theology of the Book of Judith: Views Since 1900

7. Genre and Literary Qualities of Judith; Humor, Irony, and Lying

8. History of the Reception of Judith

9. The Text of Judith and the Present Translation

Part I. 1:1–7:32

1:1–16

2:1–13

2:14–28

3:1–10

4:1–15

5:1–21

5:22–6:21

7:1–18

7:19–32

Part II. 8:1–16:25

8:1–8

8:9–36

9:1–14

10:1–10

10:11–23

11:1–23

12:1–20

13:1–10a

13:10b–20

14:1–10

14:11–15:7

15:8–13

15:14–16:17

16:18–25

Appendix: Jerome’s Vulgate and Septuagint Compared

Bibliography

1. Ancient Versions and Languages

2. Commentaries on Judith (listed in order of their publication)

3. Books, Monographs and Articles (Alphabetically by author and title)

Indexes

1. Passages

2. Subject

3. Names

Excurses

The Author

Lawrence M. Wills is visiting professor of Judaic Studies and Religious Studies at Brown University. He graduated from Harvard University with a degree in social anthropology, and from Harvard Divinity School with an M.T.S. and a Th.D., both in New Testament and Hellenistic Judaism. He then taught at Harvard Divinity School, held the Ethelbert Talbot Chair in Biblical Studies at Episcopal Divinity School, and also taught at Wesleyan University. In 2019 he was the Croghan Bicentennial Visiting Professor at Williams College before returning to Brown University as visiting professor. His books include The Jewish Novel in the Ancient World (1995), which was named an Outstanding Academic Book of 1995 by Choice magazine for academic librarians, and also The Quest of the Historical Gospel: Mark, John, and the Origins of the Gospel Genre (1997); Not God’s People: Insiders and Outsiders in the Biblical World (2008); and The Jew in the Court of the Foreign King: Ancient Jewish Court Legends (1990). He has also co-edited two books, Conflicted Boundaries in Wisdom and Apocalypticism (with Benjamin G. Wright, 2005), and Jewish Annotated Apocrypha (with Jonathan Klawans, forthcoming).

Endpapers

The front and back endpapers show a photo of the earliest textual evidence of Judith, an ostracon preserving portions of Judith 15:1-7. The photo appeared in an article by Jacques Schwartz in Revue biblique in 1946 and is used with permission. Copyright © IFAO.

Foreword

The name Hermeneia, Greek ἑρµενεία, has been chosen as the title of the commentary series to which this volume belongs. The word Hermeneia has a rich background in the history of biblical interpretation as a term used in the ancient Greek-speaking world for the detailed, systematic exposition of a scriptural work. It is hoped that the series, like its name, will carry forward this old and venerable tradition. A second, entirely practical reason for selecting the name lies in the desire to avoid a long descriptive title and its inevitable acronym, or worse, an unpronounceable abbreviation.

The series is designed to be a critical and historical commentary to the Bible without arbitrary limits in size or scope. It will utilize the full range of philological and historical tools, including textual criticism (often slighted in modern commentaries), the methods of the history of tradition (including genre and prosodic analysis), and the history of religion.

Hermeneia is designed for the serious student of the Bible. It will make full use of ancient Semitic and classical languages; at the same time, English translations of all comparative materials‒‒Greek, Latin, Canaanite, or Akkadian‒‒will be supplied alongside the citation of the source in its original language. Insofar as possible, the aim is to provide the student or scholar with full critical discussion of each problem of interpretation and with the primary data upon which the discussion is based.

Hermeneia is designed to be international and interconfessional in the selection of authors; its editorial boards were formed with this end in view. Occasionally the series will offer translations of distinguished commentaries which originally appeared in languages other than English. Published volumes of the series will be revised continually, and eventually, new commentaries will replace older works in order to preserve the currency of the series. Commentaries are also being assigned for important literary works in the categories of apocryphal and pseudepigraphical works relating to the Old and New Testaments, including some of Essene or Gnostic authorship.

The editors of Hermeneia impose no systematic-theological perspective upon the series (directly, or indirectly by selection of authors). It is expected that authors will struggle to lay bare the ancient meaning of a biblical work or pericope. In this way the text’s human relevance should become transparent, as is always the case in competent historical discourse. However, the series eschews for itself homiletical translation of the Bible.

The editors are heavily indebted to Fortress Press for its energy and courage in taking up an expensive, long-term project, the rewards of which will accrue chiefly to the field of biblical scholarship.

The editor responsible for this volume is Sidnie White Crawford of the ­University of Nebraska–Lincoln.

Sidnie White Crawford

For the Old Testament

Editorial Board

Harold W. Attridge

For the New Testament

Editorial Board

Acknowledgments

So many people have aided me on my long Judith journey, and I am grateful to all of them. Here I would like to thank some of them in particular: Giovanni Bazzana, Joan Branham, Bernadette Brooten, Elena Ciletti, Nathaniel DesRosiers, David Frankfurter, Deborah Gera, Angela Kim Harkins, Thomas Christopher Hoklotubbe, Jonathan Klawans, David Konstan, Outi Lehtipuu, Mary Joan Leith, Peter Machinist, Gregory Mobley, Laura Nasrallah, Gregory Nagy, George Nickelsburg, Saul Olyan, Michael Satlow, Barbara Schmitz, Christopher Stroup, Christine Thomas, Daniel Ullucci, Annewies van den Hoek, Benjamin Wright, and Gale Yee. I am especially indebted to Sidnie White Crawford, the Hermeneia editor assigned to my volume. No one could ask for a more committed, thorough, and helpful editor. The editorial team of Hermeneia has been outstanding; I would like to thank Maurya P. Horgan, Paul Kobelski, and Chuck John. Faculty, staff, and students of Episcopal Divinity School provided a supportive and challenging community for many years. Since then, I have been a visiting professor at Brown University, where I experienced much mutual engagement and encouragement. It has been a pleasure and an honor to join the Brown community. I also spent a very productive and enjoyable semester as a visiting professor at Williams College, with the generous support of the Croghan Bicentennial Professorship in Biblical and Early Christian Studies. At home as well, my family was amazingly tolerant of my obsession with Judith and indeed became infected themselves: ­Shelley Rubin, Jessica Rubin-Wills, Daniel Rubin-Wills, Heloisa Nogueira, Laurie Rubin, and the newest member of my Judith team, Emma.

Reference Codes

1. Abbreviations

AB                Anchor Bible

ABD             David Noel Freedman, ed., TheAnchor Bible Dictionary (6 vols.; New York: Doubleday, 1992).

ABRL         Anchor Bible Reference Library

AGJU         Arbeiten zur Geschichte des antiken Judentums und des Urchristentums

AIL                 Ancient Israel and Its Literature

AnBib       Analecta Biblica

ANET         James B. Pritchard, ed., The Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament (3rd ed.; ­Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1969).

ANRW     Hildegard Temporini and Wolfgang Haase, eds., Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1972–).

APOT         R. H. Charles, ed., The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament (2 vols.; Oxford: ­Clarendon, 1913).

AYBRL     Anchor Yale Bible Reference Library

BA                 Biblical Archaeologist

BBB             Bonner biblische Beiträge

BEATAJ Beiträge zur Erforschung des Alten Testaments und des antiken Judentums

Bib                 Biblica

BibInt       Biblical Interpretation

BIOSCS   Bulletin of the International Organi­zation of Septuagint and Cognate Studies

BJS                 Brown Judaic Studies

BNTC         Black’s New Testament Commentaries

BR                   Biblical Research

BTB             Biblical Theology Bulletin

BZ                   Biblische Zeitschrift

BZAW     Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft

BZNW     Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft

CBQ             Catholic Biblical Quarterly

CBQMS Catholic Biblical Quarterly Monograph Series

ClQ               Classical Quarterly

COS             W. W. Hallo, ed., The Context of Scripture (3 vols.; Leiden: Brill, 1997–2003).

CP                   Classical Philology

CurBR     Currents in Biblical Research

DCLS         Deuterocanonical and Cognate Literature Studies

EJL                 Early Judaism and Its Literature

EncJud   Encyclopedia Judaica (16 vols.; New York: Macmillan, 1971–1972).

EP                   Elephantine Papyri

Eusebius

Praep. ev.             Praeparatio evangelica

ExpT           Expository Times

FGrH         Felix Jacoby, ed., Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker (Leiden: Brill, 1954–1964).

HBS             Herders biblische Studien

HCS             Hellenistic Culture and Society

HDR           Harvard Dissertations in Religion

HeyJ           Heythrop Journal

HR                 History of Religions

HSCP         Harvard Studies in Classical ­Philology

HSM           Harvard Semitic Monographs

HThKAT Herders Theologische Kommentar zum Alten Testament

HTR             Harvard Theological Review

HUT             Hermeneutische Untersuchungen zur Theologie

HvTSt       Hervormde Teologiese Studies

IEJ                   Israel Exploration Journal

JAAR         Journal of the American Academy of Religion

JAJ                 Journal of Ancient Judaism

JAJSup   Journal of Ancient Judaism Supplements

JANES     Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society of Columbia University

JAOS           Journal of the American Oriental Society

JBL                 Journal of Biblical Literature

JBLMS     Journal of Biblical Literature Monograph Series

JETS             Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society

JHebS       Journal of Hebrew Scriptures

JJS                   Journal of Jewish Studies

JNES           Journal of Near Eastern Studies

JQR               Jewish Quarterly Review

JRS                 Journal of Roman Studies

JSem         Journal of Semitics

JSHRZ       Jüdische Schriften aus

hellenistisch-römischer Zeit

JSJ                   Journal for the Study of Judaism

JSOT           Journal for the Study of the Old Testament

JSOTSup                         Journal for the Study of the Old Testament: Supplement Series

JSP                 Journal for the Study of the ­Pseudepigrapha

JSPSup   Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha Supplements

Justin

Epit.   Epitome

LCL               Loeb Classical Library

LD                   Lectio Divina

LEC               Library of Early Christianity

LHBOTS Library of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Studies

LNTS           Library of New Testament Studies

LSJ                 Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, and Henry Stuart Jones, A Greek-English Lexicon (9th ed. with revised supplement; Oxford: Clarendon, 1996).

LSTS           Library of Second Temple Studies

MT               Masoretic Text

NAB             New American Bible

NEB             New English Bible

NETS         Albert Pietersma and Benjamin G. Wright, eds., A New English Translation of the Septuagint, and the Other Greek Translations Traditionally Included under That Title (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007).

NIDB         Katharine Doob Sakenfeld, ed., The New Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible (5 vols.; Nashville: Abingdon, 2006–2009).

NovT         Novum Testamentum

NovTSup                         Novum Testamentum Supplements

NRSV         New Revised Standard Version

n.s.               New Series

NTOA       Novum Testamentum et Orbis Antiquus

NTS             New Testament Studies

OBT             Overtures to Biblical Theology

Pindar

Pyth. Pythian Odes

PL                   Jacques-Paul Migne, ed., Patrologiae Cursus Completus: Series Latina (217 volumes; Paris, 1844–1864).

PSBA         Proceedings of the Society of Biblcal Archaeology

PTMS       Princeton Theological Monograph Series

Rabbinic Tractates

(b. = Babylonian Talmud;

m. = Mishnah;

y. = Jerusalem Talmud)

‘Abod. Zar.         ‘Abodah Zarah

Ber.     Berakot

B. Batra                     Baba Batra

Ḥag.   Ḥagiga

Ker.     Keritot

Ket         Ketubot

Meg. Megilla

Miqw.                         Miqwa’ot

Mo‘ed Qaṭ.       Mo‘ed Qaṭan

Ned.   Nedarim

Qidd. Qiddušin

Ta‘an.                         Ta‘anit

Shab. Shabbat

Sukk. Sukka

Yeb.   Yebamot

RAC             Theodor Klauser et al., eds., Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum (Stuttgart: Hiersemann, 1950–).

RB                   Revue biblique

RBen         Revue bénédictine

RBS               Resources for Biblical Study

RevQ         Revue de Qumran

RHS             Religionsunterricht an höheren Schulen

RSR               Rescherches de science religieuse

RTL              Revue theologique de Louvain

SBFA         Studium Biblicum Franciscanum Analecta

SBL               Society of Biblical Literature

SBLDS     Society of Biblical Literature ­Dissertation Series

SBLMS Society of Biblical Literature Monograph Series

SBLSCS   Society of Biblical Literature Septuagint and Cognate Studies

SCS               Septuagint and Cognate Studies

SEG             Supplementum epigraphicum ­graecum (Amsterdam: J. C. Gieben, 1923–).

SHCANE                           Studies in the History and Culture of the Ancient Near East

SJOT           Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament

Smyth     Herbert Weir Smyth, Greek ­Grammar

SNTSMS                           Society for New Testament

Studies Monograph Series

SPB               Studia Post-Biblica

SR                   Studies in Religion

s.v.               sub verbo

SVTP         Studia in Veteris Testamenti Pseudepigrapha

SymS         Symposium Series

T. Asher Testament of Asher

T. Job Testament of Job

T. Jos. Testament of Joseph

T. Levi Testament of Levi

T. Reub. Testament of Reuben

TBT               The Bible Today

Th                   Theodotion

TRE               Gerhard Krause and Gerhard Müller, eds., Theologische Real­enzyklopädie (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1977–)

TSAJ           Texte und Studien zum Antiken Judentum

TTZ               Trierer theologische Zeitschrift

VC                 Vigiliae Christianae

VT                   Vetus Testamentum

WUNT     Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament

ZAW           Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft

ZDMG     Zeitschrift der deutschen Morgen­ländischen Gesellschaft

ZDPV         Zeitschrift des deutschen Palästina-­Vereins

2. Short Titles

Adelman, Female Ruse

Rachel Adelman, The Female Ruse: Women’s Deception and Divine Sanction in the Hebrew Bible (Sheffield: Sheffield Phoenix, 2017).

Adler, Jewish Ritual Immersion

Yonatan Adler, The Hellenistic Origins of Jewish Ritual Immersion, JJS 69 (2018) 1–21.

Adler, Priestly Cult

Yonatan Adler, Between Priestly Cult and Common Culture: The Material Evidence of Ritual Purity Observance in Early Roman Jerusalem Reassessed, JAJ 7 (2016) 228–48.

Aharoni and Avi-Yonah, Macmillan Bible Atlas

Yohanan Aharoni and Michael Avi-Yonah, Macmillan Bible Atlas (New York: Macmillan, 1968).

Alonso Schökel, Narrative Structures

Luis Alonso Schökel, Narrative Structures in the Book of Judith (Protocol of the Colloquies, Center for Hermeneutical Studies in Hellenistic and Modern Culture 12.17, March 1974; Berkeley: Center for Hermeneutical Studies, 1975).

Anderson, Time to Mourn

Gary A. Anderson, A Time to Mourn, a Time to Dance: The Expression of Grief and Joy in Israelite Religion (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1991).

Apostolos-Cappadona, Lord Has Struck

Diane Apostolos-Cappadona, ‘The Lord Has Struck Him Down by the Hand of a Woman!’ Images of Judith, in Diane Apostolos-Cappadona and Doug Adams, eds., Art as Religious Studies (New York: Crossroad, 1987) 81–97.

Bach, Women, Seduction

Alice Bach, Women, Seduction, and Betrayal in Biblical Narrative (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997).

Bailey, Judith

Elizabeth Bailey, "Judith, Jael, and Humilitas in the Speculum Virginum," in Kevin R. Brine, Elena Ciletti, and Henrike Lähnemann, eds., The Sword of Judith: Judith Studies across the Disciplines (Cambridge: OpenBook, 2010) 275–90.

Baker, Jew

Cynthia M. Baker, Jew (Key Words in Jewish Studies 8; New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2017).

Bakhtin, Dialogic Imagination

Mikhail Bakhtin, The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays (University of Texas Press Slavic Series 1; Austin: University of Texas Press, 1981).

Bakhtin, Rabelais

Mikhail Bakhtin, Rabelais and His World (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1968).

Bal, Artemisia Files

Mieke Bal, ed., The Artemisia Files: Artemisia Gentileschi for Feminists and Other Thinking People (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005).

Bal, Head Hunting

Mieke Bal, Head Hunting: ‘Judith’ on the Cutting Edge of Knowledge, JSOT 63 (1994) 3–34.

Bal, Narratology

Mieke Bal, Narratology: Introduction to the Theory of Narrative (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1985).

Bal, On Story-Telling

Mieke Bal, On Story-Telling: Essays in Narratology (Foundations and Facets: Literary Facets; Sonoma, CA: Polebridge, 1991).

Ballentine, Conflict Myth

Debra Scoggins Ballentine, The Conflict Myth and the Biblical Tradition (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015).

Baslez, Polémologie et histoire

Marie-Françoise Baslez, Polémologie et histoire dan le livre de Judith, RB 111 (2004) 362–76.

Beentjes, Bethulia Crying

Pancratius C. Beentjes, Bethulia Crying, Judith Praying: Context and Content of Prayers in the Book of Judith, in Renate Egger-Wenzel and Jeremy Corley, eds., Prayer from Tobit to Qumran: Inaugural Conference of the ISDCL at Salzburg, Austria, 5–9 July 2003 (Deuterocanonical and Cognate Literature Yearbook 2004; Berlin: de Gruyter, 2004) 231–54.

Belanoff, Judith

Patricia A. Belanoff, Judith: Sacred and Secular Heroine, in Helen Damico and John Leyerle, eds., Heroic Poetry in the Anglo-Saxon Period: Studies in Honor of Jess B. Bessinger Jr. (Studies in Medieval Culture 32; Kalamazoo, MI: Medieval Institute Publications, 1993) 247–64.

Ben-Eliyahu, Between Borders

Eyal Ben-Eliyahu, Between Borders: The Boundaries of Eretz-Israel in the Consciousness of the Jewish People in the Time of the Second Temple and in the Mishnah and Talmud Period [in Hebrew] (Jerusalem: Yad Ben-Zvi, 2013).

Berlin, Between Large Forces

Andrea Berlin, Between Large Forces: Palestine in the Hellenistic Period, BA 60 (1997) 2–57.

Berlin, Manifest Identity

Andrea Berlin, "Manifest Identity: From Ioudaios to Jew," in Rainer Albertz, ed., Between Cooperation and Hostility: Multiple Identities in Ancient Judaism and the Interaction with Foreign Powers (JAJSup 11; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2013) 151–75.

Bernardini, Judith

Judith in the Italian Unification Process, 1800–1900, in Kevin R. Brine, Elena Ciletti, and Henrike Lähnemann, eds., The Sword of Judith: Judith Studies across the Disciplines (Cambridge: OpenBook, 2010) 397–409.

Białostocki, Judith

Jan Białostocki, Judith: Story, Image, and Symbol: Giorgione’s Painting in the Evolution of the Theme, in The Message of Images: Studies in the History of Art (Bibliotheca artibus et historiae; Vienna: Irsa, 1988).

Biolek, Die Ansicht

Anton Biolek, Die Ansicht des christlichen Altertums über dem literarischen Charakter des Buches Judith, Weidenauer Studien 4 (1911) 335–68.

Bloch-Smith, Israelite Ethnicity

Elizabeth Bloch-Smith, Israelite Ethnicity in Iron I: Archaeology Preserves What Is Remembered and What Is Forgotten in Israel’s History, JBL 122 (2003) 401–25.

Bogaert, Le calendrier

Pierre-Maurice Bogaert, Le calendrier du livre de Judith et la fête de Hanukka, RTL 15 (1984) 67–72.

Bogaert, Judith, Fascicule 1

Pierre-Maurice Bogaert, Judith, Fascicule 1: Introduction (Vetus Latina: Die Reste der altlateinischen Bibel 7.2; Freiburg: Herder, 2001).

Bogaert, Recensions

Pierre-Maurice Bogaert, "Recensions de la vielle version latine de Judith: I. Aux origines de la vulgate hiéronymienne. Le ‘Corbeiensis’; II. Le ‘Monacensis’; III. La tradition allémanique; IV. Trois manuscrits et deux recensions; V. La tradition carolingienne, RBen 85 (1975) 7–37, 241–65; 86 (1976) 7–37, 182–217; 88 (1978) 7–44.

Bogaert, Version latine

Pierre-Maurice Bogaert, La version latine du livre de Judith dans la première Bible d’Alcala, RBen 78 (1968): 7–32, 181–212.

Bohn, Death, Dispassion

Babette Bohn, "Death, Dispassion, and the Female Hero: Artemisia Gentileschi’s Jael and Sisera," in Mieke Bal, ed., The Artemisia Files: Artemisia Gentileschi for Feminists and Other Thinking People (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005) 107–28.

Bolle and Llewelyn, Intersectionality

Helena M. Bolle and Stephen R. Llewelyn, Intersectionality, Gender Liminality and Ben Sira’s Attitude to the Eunuch, VT 67 (2017) 546–69.

Bowra, Heroic Poetry

C. M. Bowra, Heroic Poetry (London: Macmillan, 1952).

Boyd-Taylor, Semantics

Cameron Boyd-Taylor, The Semantics of Biblical Language Redux, in Robert J. Hiebert, ed., Translation Is Required: The Septuagint in Retrospect and Prospect (SCS 56; Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2010).

Bradley, Anglo-Saxon Poetry

S. A. J. Bradley, Anglo-Saxon Poetry (London: Dent, 1995).

Branham, Penetrating the Sacred

Joan Branham, Penetrating the Sacred: Breaches and Barriers in the Jerusalem Temple, in Sharon E. J. Gerstel, ed., Thresholds of the Sacred: Architectural, Art Historical, Liturgical, and Theological Perspectives on Religious Screens, East and West (Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library; distributed by Harvard University Press, 2006) 6–24.

Bremmer, Myth and Ritual

Jan Bremmer, Myth and Ritual in Greek Human Sacrifice: Lykaon, Polyxena and the Case of the Rhodian Criminal, in Jan Bremmer, ed., The Strange World of Human Sacrifice (Studies in the History and Anthropology of Religion 1; Leuven: Peeters, 2007) 55–79.

Bremmer and van den Bosch, Between Poverty

Jan Bremmer and Lourens van den Bosch, eds., Between Poverty and the Pyre: Moments in the History of Widowhood (London: Routledge, 1995).

Brenner, Feminist Companion to Esther

Athalya Brenner, ed., A Feminist Companion to Esther–Judith–Susanna (Feminist Companion to the Bible 7; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1995).

Brenner-Idan, Clothing Seduces

Athalya Brenner-Idan, Clothing Seduces: Did You Think It Was Naked Flesh That Did It?, in Athalya Brenner-Idan and Helen Efthimiadis-Keith, eds., A Feminist Companion to Tobit and Judith (Feminist Companion to the Bible [Second Series]; London: Bloomsbury T&T Clark, 2015) 212–25.

Brenner-Idan and van Dijk Hemmes, On Gendering Texts

Athalya Brenner-Idan and Fokkelien van Dijk-Hemmes, On Gendering Texts: Female and Male Voices in the Hebrew Bible (Biblical Interpretation Series 1; Leiden: Brill, 1993).

Brenner-Idan and Efthimiadis-Keith, Tobit and Judith

Athalya Brenner-Idan and Helen Efthimiadis-Keith, eds., A Feminist Companion to Tobit and Judith (Feminist Companion to the Bible [Second Series]; London: Bloomsbury T&T Clark, 2015).

Brine, Ciletti, and Lähnemann, Sword of Judith

Kevin R. Brine, Elena Ciletti, and Henrike ­Lähnemann, eds., The Sword of Judith: Judith Studies across the Disciplines (Cambridge: OpenBook, 2010).

Brooten, Love between Women

Bernadette J. Brooten, Love between Women: Early Christian Responses to Female Homoeroticism (Chicago Series on Sexuality, History, and Society; Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996).

Burstein, Cleitarchus in Jerusalem

Stanley M. Burstein, "Cleitarchus in Jerusalem: A Note on the Book of Judith," in Frances B. Tichenor and Richard F. Morton Jr., eds., The Eye Expanded: Life and the Arts in Greco-Roman Antiquity (Berkeley: Unversity of California Press, 1999) 105–12.

Callaghan, Ambiguity and Appropriation

Leslie Abend Callaghan, Ambiguity and Appropriation: The Story of Judith in Medieval Narrative and Iconographic Tradition, in Francesca Canadé Sautman, Diana Conchado, and Giuseppe di Scipio, eds., Telling Tales: Medieval Narratives and the Folk Tradition (New York: St. Martin’s, 1998) 79–99.

Camp, Wisdom and the Feminine

Claudia V. Camp, Wisdom and the Feminine in the Book of Proverbs (Bible and Literature Series 11; Sheffield: Almond, 1985).

Caponigro, Holding the Tale

Mark Stephen Caponigro, Judith, Holding the Tale of Herodotus, in James C. VanderKam, ed., No One Spoke Ill of Her: Essays on Judith (EJL 2; Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1992) 47–59.

Cazelles, Le personnage d’Achior

Henri A. Cazelles, Le personnage d’Achior dans le livre de Judith, RSR 39 (1951) 125–37, 324–27.

Chickering, Poetic Exuberance

Howell Chickering, "Poetic Exuberance in Old English Judith," Studies in Philology 106 (2009) 119–36.

Ciletti, Patriarchal Ideology

Elena Ciletti, Patriarchal Ideology in the Renaissance Iconography of Judith, in Marilyn Migiel and Juliana Schiesari, eds., Refiguring Woman: Perspectives on Gender and the Italian Renaissance (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991) 35–70.

Ciletti and Lähnemann, Judith in the Christian Tradition

Elena Ciletti and Henrike Lähnemann, Judith in the Christian Tradition, in Kevin R. Brine, Elena Ciletti, and Henrike Lähnemann, eds., The Sword of Judith: Judith Studies across the Disciplines (Cambridge: OpenBook, 2010) 41–65.

Clayton, "Ælfric’s Judith"

Mary Clayton, "Ælfric’s Judith: Manipulative or Manipulated?" Anglo-Saxon England 23 (1994) 215–27.

Cohen, Beginnings of Jewishness

Shaye J. D. Cohen, The Beginnings of Jewishness: Boundaries, Varieties, Uncertainties (HCS 31; Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999).

Cooper, Judith

Tracey-Anne Cooper, Judith in Late Anglo-Saxon England, in Kevin R. Brine, Elena Ciletti, and Henrike Lähnemann, eds., The Sword of Judith: Judith Studies across the Disciplines (Cambridge: OpenBook, 2010) 169–96.

Corley, Divine Sovereignty

Jeremy Corley, Divine Sovereignty and Power in the High-Priestly Prayer of 3 Macc 2:1–20, in Renate Egger-Wenzel and Jeremy Corley, eds., Prayer from Tobit to Qumran: Inaugural Conference of the ISDCL at Salzburg, Austria, 5–9 July 2003 (Deuterocanonical and Cognate Literature Yearbook 2004; Berlin: de Gruyter, 2004) 359–86.

Corley, Imitation

Jeremy Corley, Imitation of Septuagintal Narrative and Greek Historiography in the Portrait of Holofernes, in Géza Xeravits, ed., A Pious Seductress: Studies in the Book of Judith (DCLS 14; Berlin: de Gruyter, 2012) 27–34.

Corley, Septuagintalisms

Jeremy Corley, Septuagintalisms, Semitic Interference, and the Original Language of the Book of Judith, in Jeremy Corley and Vincent Skemp, eds., Studies in the Greek Bible: Essays in Honor of Francis T. Gignac, S.J. (CBQMS 44; Washington, DC: Catholic Biblical Association of America, 2008) 65–96.

Corley, Unconventional Heroine

Jeremy Corley, Judith: An Unconventional Heroine, Scripture Bulletin 31 (2001) 70–85.

Cowley, Book of Judith

Arthur E. Cowley, The Book of Judith, in APOT 1:242–67.

Craven, Artistry and Faith

Toni Craven, Artistry and Faith in the Book of Judith (SBLDS 70; Chico, CA: Scholars Press, 1983).

Craven, Book of Judith in Context

Toni Carven, The Book of Judith in the Context of Twentieth-Century Studies of the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books, CurBR 1 (2003) 187–229.

Crawford, 4QTales of the Persian Court

Sidnie White Crawford, 4QTales of the Persian Court (4Q550A–E) and Its Relation to Biblical Royal Courtier Tales, Especially Esther, Daniel, and Joseph, in Edward D. Herbert and Emanuel Tov, eds., The Bible as Book: The Hebrew Bible and the Judaean Desert Discoveries (London: Oak Knoll, 2002) 121–37.

Crawford, Esther and Judith

Sidnie White Crawford, Esther and Judith: Contrasts in Character, in Sidnie White Crawford and Leonard J. Greenspoon, eds., The Book of Esther in Modern Research (JSOTSup 380; London: T&T Clark, 2003) 60–76.

Crawford, In the Steps of Jael

Sidnie White Crawford [as Sidnie Ann White], In the Steps of Jael and Deborah: Judith as Heroine, in James C. VanderKam, ed., No One Spoke Ill of Her: Essays on Judith (EJL 2; Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1992) 5–16.

Cummings, Aestheticization

Robert Cummings, "The Aestheticization of Tyrannicide: Du Bartas’s La Judit," in Kevin R. Brine, Elena Ciletti, and Henrike Lähnemann, eds., The Sword of Judith: Judith Studies across the Disciplines (Cambridge: OpenBook, 2010) 227–38.

Dalley, Esther’s Revenge

Stephanie Dalley, Esther’s Revenge at Susa: From Sennacherib to Ahasuerus (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007).

Dancy, Judith

J. C. Dancy, Judith (The Shorter Books of the Apocrypha; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972).

Deines, Jüdische Steingefässe

Roland Deines, Jüdische Steingefässe und pharisäische Frömmigkeit: Ein archäologisch-historischer Beitrag zum Verständnis von Joh 2.6 und der jüdischen Reinheitshalacha zur Zeit Jesu (WUNT 2/52; Tübingen: Mohr, 1993).

Delcor, Le livre de Judith

Mathias Delcor, «Le livre de Judith et l’époque grecque,» Klio 49 (1967) 151–79.

Dijkstra, Idols of Perversity

Bram Dijkstra, Idols of Perversity: Fantasies of Feminine Evil in Fin-de-Siècle Culture (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986).

Di Lella, Women in the Wisdom

Alexander A. Di Lella, Women in the Wisdom of Ben Sira and the Book of Judith: A Study in Contrasts and Reversals, in J. A. Emerton, ed., Congress Volume: Paris 1992 (VTSup 61; Leiden: Brill, 1995) 39–52.

Dixon, Women Who Ruled

Annette Dixon, ed., Women Who Ruled: Queens, Goddesses, Amazons in Renaissance and Baroque Art (London: Merrell, 2002).

Dombkowski Hopkins, Judith

Denise Domkowski Hopkins, Judith, in Carole A. Newsom and Sharon H. Ringe, eds., Women’s Bible Commentary (expanded ed.; Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1998) 279–85.

Doran, Temple Propaganda

Robert Doran, Temple Propaganda: The Purpose and Character of 2 Maccabees (CBQMS 12; Washington, DC: Catholic Biblical Association of America, 1981).

Dubarle, Judith

A.-M. Dubarle, Judith: Formes et sens des diverses traditions (2 vols.; AnBib 24; Rome: Institut biblique pontifical, 1966).

Eckhardt, Reclaiming Tradition

Benedikt Eckhardt, Reclaiming Tradition: The Book of Judith and Hasmonean Politics, JSP 18 (2009) 243–63.

Efthimiadis-Keith, Genealogy

Helen Efthimiadis-Keith, Genealogy, Retribution and Identity: Re-Interpreting the Cause of Suffering in the Book of Judith, Old Testament Essays 27 (2014) 860–78.

Elder, Judith

Linda Bennett Elder, Judith, in Elisabeth Schüssler-Fiorenza, ed., Searching the Scriptures, vol. 2: A Feminist Commentary (New York: Crossroad, 1997) 455–69.

Elder, Virgins, Viragos

Linda Bennett Elder, Virgins, Viragos and Virtuo(u)si among Judiths in Opera and ­Oratorio, JSOT 92 (2001): 91–119.

Engel, Das Buch Judit

Helmut Engel, Das Buch Judit, in Erich Zenger, ed., Einleitung in das Alte Testament (Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1998) 256–66.

Engel, Der HERR

Helmut Engel,‘Der HERR ist ein Gott, der die Kriege zerschlächt’: Zur Frage der griechischen Originalsprache und der Struktur des Buches Judit, in Klaus-Dietrich Schunk and Matthias Augustin, eds., Goldene Äpfel in silbernen Schalen: Collected Communications to the XIIIth Congress of the International Organization for the Study of the Old Testament, Leuven 1989 (BEATAJ 20; Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 1992) 155–68.

England, Violent Superwomen

Emma England, Violent Superwomen: Super Heroes or Super Villains? Judith, Wonder Woman and Lynndie England, in Athalya Brenner-Idan and Helen Efthimiadis-Keith, eds., A Feminist Companion to Tobit and Judith (Feminist Companion to the Bible [Second Series]; London: Bloomsbury T&T Clark, 2015) 242–58.

Enslin, Book of Judith

Morton S. Enslin and Solomon Zeitlin, The Book of Judith (Jewish Apocryphal Literature 7; Leiden: Brill, 1972).

Eskenazi, In an Age of Prose

Tamara Cohn Eskenazi, In an Age of Prose: A Literary Approach to Ezra-Nehemiah (SBLMS 36; Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1988).

Esler, Ludic History

Philip F. Esler, Ludic History in the Book of Judith: The Reinvention of Israelite Identity?, BibInt 10 (2002) 107–43.

Esler, Sex, Wives, and Warriors

Philip D. Esler, Sex, Wives, and Warriors: Reading Biblical Narrative with Its Ancient Audience (Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2011).

van den Eynde, Crying to God

Sabine van den Eynde, Crying to God: Prayer and Plot in the Book of Judith, Bib 85 (2004) 217–31.

Fischer and Obermayer, Die Kriegstheologie

Irmtraud Fischer and Bernd Obermayer, Die Kriegstheologie des Juditbuches als Kondensat alttestamentlicher Sichtweisen des Krieges, in Ulrich Dahmen and Johannes Schnocks, eds., Juda und Jerusalem in der Seleukidenzeit: Herrschaft, Widerstand, Identität; Festschrift für Heinz-Josef Fabry (BBB 159; Göttingen: V&R Unipress, 2010) 227–42.

Foucault, Care of the Self

Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, vol. 3: Care of the Self (New York: Pantheon, 1986).

Fowler, Renaissance Realism

Alastair Fowler, Renaissance Realism: Narrative Images in Literature and Art (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003).

Friedländer and Rosenberg

Max J. Friedländer and Jakob Rosenberg, The Paintings of Lucas Carnach (rev. ed.; London: Southeby Parke Bernet, 1978).

Friedman, Metamorphoses

Mira Friedman, Metamorphoses of Judith, Jewish Art 12–13 (1986–87) 225–46.

Fritzsche, Die Bücher Tobi und Judith

Otto Fridolin Fritzsche, Die Bücher Tobi und Judith (Kurzgefasstes exegetisches Handbuch zu den Apokryphen des Alten Testamentes 2; Leipzig: Hirzel, 1853).

Frye, Anatomy of Criticism

Northrop Frye, Anatomy of Criticism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1957).

Fusillo, Modern Critical Theories

Massimo Fusillo, Modern Critical Theories and the Ancient Novel, in Gareth Schmeling, ed., Novel in the Ancient World (rev. ed.; Boston: Brill Academic, 2003) 277–305.

Gamberoni, Die Auslegung des Buches Tobias

Johann Gamberoni, Die Auslegung des Buches Tobias in der griechisch-lateinischen Kirche der Antike und der Christenheit des Westens bis zum 1600 (Munich: Kösel, 1969).

Gardner, Song of Praise

Anne E. Gardner, The Song of Praise in Judith 16:2–17 (LXX 16:1–17), HeyJ 29 (1989) 413–22.

Garrard, Artemisia Gentileschi

Mary D. Garrard, Artemisia Gentileschi: The Image of the Female Hero in Italian Baroque Art (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989).

Garrard, Leonardo da Vinci

Mary Garrard, Leonardo da Vinci: Female Portraits, Female Nature, in Mary Garrard and Norma Broude, The Expanding Discourse: Feminism and Art History (New York: Routledge, 1992) 58–86.

Garrard and Broude, Expanding Discourse

Mary Garrard and Norma Broude, The Expanding Discourse: Feminism and Art History (New York: Routledge, 1992).

Gaster, Unknown Hebrew Version

Moses Gaster, An Unknown Hebrew Version of the History of Judith, PSBA 16 (1893–94) 156–63.

Gera, Jewish Textual Traditions

Deborah Levine Gera, The Jewish Textual Traditions, in Kevin R. Brine, Elena Ciletti, and Henrike Lähnemann, eds., The Sword of Judith: Judith Studies across the Disciplines (Cambridge: OpenBook, 2010) 23–40.

Gera, Judah and Judith

Deborah Levine Gera, Judah and Judith [in Hebrew], in Joseph Geiger, Hannah M. Cotton, and Guy D. Stiebel, eds., Israel’s Land: Papers Presented to Israel Shatzman on His Jubilee (Ra‘anana, Israel: Open University, 2009) 29–38.

Gera, Judith

Deborah Levine Gera, Judith (Commentaries on Early Jewish Literature; Boston: de Gruyter, 2014).

Gera Shorter Medieval Hebrew Tales

Deborah Levine Gera, Shorter Medieval Hebrew Tales of Judith, in Kevin R. Brine, Elena Ciletti, and Henrike Lähnemann, eds., The Sword of Judith: Judith Studies across the Disciplines (Cambridge: OpenBook, 2010) 275–90.

Gera Speech in Judith

Deborah Levine Gera, Speech in Judith, in Melvin K. H. Peters, ed., XIV Congress of the IOSCS, Helsinki, 2010 (SCS 59; Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2013) 413–23.

Gera, Warrior Women

Deborah Levine Gera, Warrior Women: The Anonymous Tractate de Mulierebus (Mnemosyne Supplement 162; Leiden: Brill, 1997).

Gera, Xenophon’s Cyropaedia

Deborah Levine Gera, Xenophon’s Cyropaedia: Style, Genre, and Literary Technique (Oxford Classical Monographs; Oxford: Clarendon, 1993).

Gill, Structured Self

Christopher Gill, The Structured Self in Hellenistic and Roman Thought (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006).

Glancy, Mistress–Slave Dialectic

Jennifer A. Glancy, The Mistress–Slave Dialectic: Paradoxes of Slavery in Three LXX Narratives, JSOT 72 (1996) 71–87.

Goldhill, Invention of Prose

Simon Goldhill, The Invention of Prose (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).

Goodblatt, Israelites Who Reside

David Goodblatt, ‘The Israelites Who Reside in Judah’ (Judith 4:1): On the Conflicted Identities of the Hasmonean State, in Lee I. Levine and Daniel R. Schwartz, eds., Jewish Identities in Antiquity: Studies in Memory of Menahem Stern (TSAJ 130; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2009) 74–89.

Griffith, Judith

Mark Griffith, Judith (Exeter Medieval English Texts and Studies; Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 1997).

Grintz, Book of Judith

Jehoshua M. Grintz, The Book of Judith: A Reconstruction of the Original Hebrew Text with Introduction, Commentary, Appendices, and Indices [in Hebrew with English summary] (Jerusalem: The Bialik Institute, 1957).

Gruen, Diaspora

Erich Gruen, Diaspora: Jews amidst Greeks and Romans (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002).

Gruen, Heritage and Hellenism

Erich Gruen, Heritage and Hellenism: The Reinvention of Jewish Tradition (HCS 30; Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998).

Guyot, Eunuchen

Peter Guyot, Eunuchen als Sklaven und Frei­gelassene in der griechisch-römischen Antike (­Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 1980).

Haag, Das Buch Judit

Ernst Haag, Das Buch Judit (Geistliche Schriftlesung 15; Dusseldorf: Patmos, 1995).

Haag, Studien

Ernst Haag, Studien zum Buche Judith: Seine theologische Bedeutung und literarisches Eigenart (Trier theologische Studien 16; Trier: Paulinus-Verlag, 1963).

Hägg, Novel in Antiquity

Tomas Hägg, The Novel in Antiquity (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991).

Hall, Inventing the Barbarian

Edith Hall, Inventing the Barbarian: Greek Self-Definition through Tragedy (Oxford Classical Monographs; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989).

Hanhart

Robert Hanhart, ed., Iudith (Septuaginta: Vetus Testamentum graecum 8.4; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1979).

Hanhart, Text und Textgeschichte

Robert Hanhart, ed., Text und Textgeschichte des Buches Judith (Mitteilungen des Septuaginta-­Unternehmens 14; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1979).

Harkins, Function of Prayers

Angela Kim Harkins, The Function of Prayers of Ritual Mourning in the Second Temple Period, in Mika S. Pajunen and Jeremy Penner, eds., Functions of Psalms and Prayers in the Late Second Temple Period (BZAW 486; Berlin: de Gruyter, 2017) 80–101.

Haynes, Fashioning the Feminine

Katharine Haynes, Fashioning the Feminine in the Greek Novel (London: Routledge, 2003).

Hellmann, Judit

Monika Hellmann, Judit—eine Frau im Spannngsfeld von Autonomie und göttlicher Führung: Studie über eine Frauengestalt des Alten Testaments (­Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 1992).

Heltzer, Eine neue Quelle

Michael Heltzer, Eine neue Quelle zur Bestimmung der Abfassungszeit des Judithbuches, ZAW 92 (1980) 437.

Hengel, Judaism and Hellenism

Martin Hengel, Judaism and Hellenism: Studies in Their Encounter in Palestine during the Early Hellenistic Period (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1974).

van Henten, Female Moses

Jan Willem van Henten, Judith as a Female Moses: Judith 7–13 in Light of Exodus 17, Numbers 20, and Deuteronomy 33:8–11, in Fokkelien van Dijk-Hemmes and Athalya Brenner, eds., Reflections on Theology and Gender (Kampen: Kok Pharos, 1994) 33–48.

van Henten, Judith as an Alternative Leader

Jan Willem van Henten, Judith as an Alternative Leader: A Rereading of Judith 7–13, in Athalya Brenner, ed., A Feminist Companion to Esther–Judith–Susanna (Feminist Companion to the Bible 7; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1995) 224–52.

Holzberg, Genre

Niklas Holzberg, Genre: Novels Proper and the Fringe, in Gareth Schmeling, ed., The Novel in the Ancient World (rev. ed.; Boston: Brill Academic, 2003) 11–28.

Hopkins, Novel Evidence

Keith Hopkins, Novel Evidence for Roman Slavery, Past and Present 138 (1993) 3–27.

Ilan, Integrating Women

Tal Ilan, Integrating Women into Second Temple History (TSAJ 76; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1999).

Ilan, Jewish Women

Tal Ilan, Jewish Women in Greco-Roman Palestine: An Inquiry into Image and Status (TSAJ 44; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1995).

Jacobson, Commentary on Pseudo-Philo

Howard Jacobson, A Commentary on Pseudo-Philo’s Liber antiquitatum biblicarum: With Latin Text and English Translation (2 vols.; AGJU 31; Leiden: Brill, 1996).

Jeffreys, Jeffreys, and Scott, John Malalas

Elizabeth Jeffreys, Michael Jeffreys, and Roger Scott, The Chronicle of John Malalas (Melbourne: Australian Association for Byzantine Studies, 1986).

Jensen, Juditbogen

Hans Jørgen Lundager Jensen, Juditbogen, in Troels Engberg-Pedersen and Niels Peter Lemche, eds., Tradition og nybrud. Jødedommen i hellenistik tid (Forum for bibelsk eksegese 2; Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum, 1990) 153–89.

Jacobus, Judith, Holofernes

Mary Jacobus, Judith, Holofernes, and the Phallic Woman, in Mary Jacobus, Reading Women: Essays in Feminist Criticism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986) 110–36.

Jansen, La composition

H. Ludin Jansen, La composition du chant de Judith, Acta Orientalia 15 (1936) 63–71.

Joannides, "Titian’s Judith"

Paul Joannides, "Titian’s Judith and Its Context: The Iconography of Decapitation," Apollo 135, no. 361 (March 1992) 163–70.

Johnson, Historical Fictions

Sara Raup Johnson, Historical Fictions and Hellenistic Jewish Identity: Third Maccabees in Its Cultural Identity (HCS 43; Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004).

Johnson, Novelistic Elements

Sara Raup Johnson, Novelistic Elements in Esther: Persian or Hellenistic, Jewish or Greek?, CBQ 67 (2005) 571–89.

Joosten, Original Language

Jan Joosten, The Original Language and Historical Milieu of the Book of Judith, in Moshe Bar-Asher and Emanuel Tov, eds., Meghillot: Studies in the Dead Sea Scrolls V–VI: A Festschrift for Devorah Dimant (Jerusalem: Bialik Institute; Haifa: University of Haifa, 2007) 159–76.

Jouanno, Novelistic Lives

Corinne Jouanno, "Novelistic Lives and Historical Biographies: The Life of Aesop and the Alexander Romance as Fringe Novels," in Grammatiki A. Karla, ed., Fiction on the Fringe: Novelistic Writing in the Post-Classical Age (Mnemosyne Supplement 310; Leiden: Brill, 2009) 33–48.

Karla, Fiction on the Fringe

Grammatiki A. Karla, ed., Fiction on the Fringe: Novelistic Writing in the Post-Classical Age (Mnemosyne Supplement 310; Leiden: Brill, 2009).

Kim Bloody Signs

Susan Kim, Bloody Signs: Circumcision and Pregnancy in the Old English Judith, Exemplaria 11 (1999) 285–307.

Klawans, Impurity and Sin

Jonathan Klawans, Impurity and Sin in Ancient Judaism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004).

Klawans and Wills, Jewish Annotated Apocrypha

Jonathan Klawans and Lawrence M. Wills, Jewish Annotated Apocrypha (New York: Oxford University Press, forthcoming).

Knotts, Judith in Florentine

Robert Knotts, Judith in Florentine Renaissance Art, 1425–1512 (Ph.D. diss., Ohio State University, 1995).

Konstan, Sexual Symmetry

David Konstan, Sexual Symmetry: Love in the Ancient Novel and Related Genres (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994).

Konstan, Testament of Abraham

David Konstan, "The Testament of Abraham and Greek Romance," in Ilaria Ramelli and Judith Perkins, eds., Early Christian and Jewish Narrative: The Role of Religion in Shaping Narrative Forms (WUNT 348; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2015) 45–51.

Koppelman, Fearing the Neighbor

Kate Koppelman, "Fearing the Neighbor: The Intimate Other in Beowulf and the Old English Judith," Comitatus 35 (2004) 1–21.

Kosmin, Hellenistic Period

Paul J. Kosmin, Hellenistic Period, in Jonathan Klawans and Lawrence M. Wills, Jewish Annotated Apocrypha (New York: Oxford University Press, forthcoming).

Kosmin, Land of the Elephant Kings

Paul J. Kosmin, The Land of the Elephant Kings: Space, Territory, and Ideology in the Seleucid Empire (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014).

Kraus, Limits of Historiography

Christina Shuttleworth Kraus, The Limits of Historiography: Genre and Narrative in Ancient Historical Texts (Mnemosyne Supplement 191; Leiden: Brill, 1999).

Kubiak, Iconography

Joseph Kubiak, The Iconography of Judith in Italian Renaissance Art (master’s dissertation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1965).

Kugel, Bible as It Was

James L. Kugel, The Bible as It Was (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1997).

Kuhrt, Earth and Water

Amélie Kuhrt, Earth and Water, in Amélie Kuhrt and Heleen Sancisi-Weerdenburg, eds., Method and Theory: Proceedings of the London 1985 Achaemenid History Workshop (Achaemenid History 3; Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, 1988).

LaCocque, Feminine Unconventional

André LaCocque, The Feminine Unconventional: Four Subversive Figures in Israel’s Tradition (OBT; Minneapolis: Fortress, 1990).

Lähnemann, Cunning of Judith

Henrike Lähnemann, The Cunning of Judith in Late Medieval German Texts, in Kevin R. Brine, Elena Ciletti, and Henrike Lähnemann, eds., The Sword of Judith: Judith Studies across the Disciplines (Cambridge: OpenBook, 2010) 275–90.

Lähnemann, Hystoria Judith

Henrike Lähnemann, Hystoria Judith: Deutsche Judithdichtungen vom 12. bis zum 16. Jahrhundert (Berlin: de Gruyter, 2006).

Lambert, Fasting

David A. Lambert, Fasting as a Penitential Rite: A Biblical Phenomenon?, HTR 96 (2003) 477–512.

Lambert, Repentance

David A. Lambert, How Repentance Became Biblical: Judaism, Christianity, and the Interpretation of Scripture (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015).

Lang, Lord Who Crushes

Judith Lang, ‘The Lord Who Crushes Wars’: Studies on Judith 9:7, Judith 16:2, and Exodus 15:3, in Géza G. Xeravits, ed., A Pious Seductress: Studies in the Book of Judith (DCLS 14; Berlin: de Gruyter, 2012) 179–87.

Langdon, Building Inscriptions

Stephen Langdon, Building Inscriptions of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, part 1 (Paris: Leroux, 1905).

Lange, Die Juditfigur

Lydia Lange, Die Juditfigur in der Vulgata: Eine theologische Studie zur lateinischen Bibel (DCLS 36; Berlin: de Gruyter, 2016).

Lawrence, Washing in Water

Jonathan D. Lawrence, Washing in Water: Trajectories of Ritual Bathing in the Hebrew Bible and Second Temple Literature (Academia Biblica 23; Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2006).

Lefkovitz, In Scripture

Lori Hope Lefkovitz, In Scripture: The First Stories of Jewish Sexual Identities (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2010).

Lefkowitz, Women in Greek Myth

Mary R. Lefkowitz, Women in Greek Myth (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986).

Lehtipuu, Receive the Widow

Outi Lehtipuu, ‘Receive the Widow Judith, Example of Chastity’: The Figure of Judith as a Model Christian in Patristic Interpretations, in Agnethe Siquans, ed., Biblical Women in Patristic Reception/Biblische Frauen in patristischer Rezeption (JAJSup 25; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2017) 186–218.

Lemos, They Have Become Women

T. M. Lemos, ‘They Have Become Women’: Judean Diaspora and Postcolonial Theories of Gender and Migration, in Saul M. Olyan, ed., Social Theory and the Study of Israelite Religion: Essays in Retrospect and Prospect (Resources for Biblical Study 71; Atlanta: Society of Biblical ­Literature, 2012) 81–109.

Levine, Sacrifice and Salvation

Amy-Jill Levine, Sacrifice and Salvation: Otherness and Domestication in the Book of Judith, in Athalya Brenner, ed., A Feminist Companion to Esther–Judith–Susanna (Feminist Companion to the Bible 7; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1995) 208–33.

Lightstone, Commerce of the Sacred

Jack N. Lightstone, The Commerce of the Sacred: Mediation of the Divine among Jews in the Greco-Roman World (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006).

Llewellyn, Example of Judith

Kathleen M. Llewellyn, The Example of Judith in Early Modern French Literature, in Kevin R. Brine, Elena Ciletti, and Henrike Lähnemann, eds., The Sword of Judith: Judith Studies across the Disciplines (Cambridge: OpenBook, 2010) 213–25.

Llewellyn-Jones, Eunuchs

Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones, Eunuchs and the Royal Harem in Achaemenid Persia (559–331 B.C.), in Shaun Tougher, ed., Eunuchs in Antiquity and Beyond (London: Duckworth, 2002).

Llewellyn-Jones and Robson

Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones and James Robson, Ctesias’ History of Persia: Tales of the Orient (London: Routledge, 2010).

Loader, Pseudepigrapha

William R. G. Loader, The Pseudepigrapha on Sexuality: Attitudes towards Sexuality in Apocalypses, Testaments, Legends, Wisdom, and Related Literature (Attitudes towards Sexuality in Judaism and Christianity in the Hellenistic Greco-Roman Era; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2011).

Ludlow, Abraham Meets Death

Jared Ludlow, Abraham Meets Death: Narrative Humor in the Testament of Abraham (JSPSup 41; London: Sheffield Academic Press, 2002).

Ludlow, Weeping and Falling Down

Jared Ludlow, Are Weeping and Falling Down Funny? Exaggerations in Ancient Novelistic Texts (paper presented at the Society of Biblical Literature Annual Meeting, Baltimore, Maryland, November 25, 2013).

Marsh, Judith in Baroque Oratorio

David Marsh, Judith in Baroque Oratorio, in Kevin R. Brine, Elena Ciletti, and Henrike Lähnemann, eds., The Sword of Judith: Judith Studies across the Disciplines (Cambridge: OpenBook, 2010) 385–96.

Martin, Syntactical Evidence

Raymond A. Martin, Syntactical Evidence of Semitic Sources in Greek Documents (SCS 3; Cambridge, MA: Society of Biblical Literature, 1974).

Mastrangelo, Typology

Marc Mastrangelo, Typology and Agency in Prudentius’s Treatment of the Judith Story, in Kevin R. Brine, Elena Ciletti, and Henrike Lähnemann, eds., The Sword of Judith: Judith Studies across the Disciplines (Cambridge: OpenBook, 2010) 153–68.

Matthews, Perfect Martyr

Shelly Matthews, Perfect Martyr: The Stoning of Stephen and the Construction of Christian Identity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010).

McHam, "Donatello’s Judith"

Sarah Blake McHam, "Donatello’s Judith as the Emblem of God’s Chosen People,"   in Kevin R. Brine, Elena Ciletti, and Henrike Lähnemann, eds., The Sword of Judith: Judith Studies across the Disciplines (Cambridge: OpenBook, 2010) 275–90.

McKeon, Origins of the English Novel

Michael McKeon, The Origins of the English Novel, 1600–1740 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987).

Mecky Zaragosa, Da befiel sie Furcht

Gabrijela Mecky Zaragosa, Da befiel sie Furcht und Angst . . .: Judith im Drama des 19. Jahrhunderts (Munich: Iudicium, 2005).

Mendels, Land of Israel

Doron Mendels, The Land of Israel as a Political Concept in Hasmonean Literature: Recourse to History in Second Century B.C. Claims to the Holy Land (TSAJ 15; Tübingen: Mohr, 1987).

Mendels, Rise and Fall

Doron Mendels, The Rise and Fall of Jewish Nationalism (ABRL; New York: Doubleday, 1992).

Merideth, Desire and Danger

Betsy Merideth, Desire and Danger: The Drama of Betrayal in Judges and Judith, in Mieke Bal, ed., Anti-Covenant: Counter-Reading Women’s Lives in the Hebrew Bible (Sheffield: Almond Press, 1989) 63–78.

Miller, Die Bücher Tobias

Athanasius Miller, Die Bücher Tobias, Judith und Esther (3 vols. in 1; Die Heilige Schrift des Alten Testamentes 4.3; Bonn: P. Hanstein, 1940–41).

Miller, Femme Fatale

Geoffrey D. Miller, A Femme Fatale of Whom ‘No One Spoke Ill’: Judith’s Moral Muddle and Her Personification of Yahweh, JSOT 39 (2014) 223–45.

Milne, What Shall We Do?

Pamela J. Milne, What Shall We Do with Judith? A Feminist Reassessment of a Biblical ‘Heroine,’ Semeia 62 (1993) 37–58.

Mittmann-Richert, Einführung in den jüdischen Schriften

Ulrike Mittmann-Richert, Einführung zu den jüdischen Schriften aus hellenistisch-römischer Zeit: Historische und legendarishe Erzählungen (JSHRZ Supplement 6.1.1; Gütersloh: Gütersloher Verlagshaus, 2000) 82–96.

Mobley, Empty Men

Gregory Mobley, The Empty Men: The Heroic Tradition of Ancient Israel (ABRL; New York: Doubleday, 2005).

Mobley, Samson

Gregory Mobley, Samson and the Liminal Hero in the Ancient Near East (LHBOTS 453; New York: T&T Clark, 2006).

Montague, Esther and Judith

George T. Montague, The Books of Esther and Judith (Pamphlet Bible Series 21; New York: Paulist Press, 1973).

Moore, Judith

Carey A. Moore, Judith: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary (AB 40B; Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1985).

Morales, History of Sexuality

Helen Morales, The History of Sexuality, in Tim Whitmarsh, ed., The Cambridge Companion to the Greek and Roman Novel (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008) 39–55.

Morales, Vision and Narration

Helen Morales, Vision and Narrative in Achilles Tatius’ Leucippe and Clitophon (Cambridge Classical Studies; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005).

Morgan, Representation of Philosophers

John R. Morgan, The Representation of Philosophers in Greek Fiction, in John R. Morgan and Meriel Jones, eds., Philosophical Presences in the Ancient Novel (Ancient Narrative: Supplementum 10; Eelde: Barkhuis; Groningen: Groningen University Library, 2007) 23–52.

Morgan and Stoneman, Greek Fiction

John R. Morgan and Richard Stoneman, eds., Greek Fiction: The Greek Novel in Context (London: Routledge, 1994).

Nagy, Best of the Achaeans

Gregory Nagy, The Best of the Achaeans: Concepts of the Hero in Archaic Greek Poetry (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979).

Nassichuk, Prayer of Judith

John Nassichuk, The Prayer of Judith in Two Late-Fifteenth-Century French Mystery Plays, in Kevin R. Brine, Elena Ciletti, and Henrike Lähnemann, eds., The Sword of Judith: Judith Studies across the Disciplines (Cambridge: OpenBook, 2010) 197–211.

Navarro Puerto, Reinterpreting the Past

Mercedes Navarro Puerto, Reinterpreting the Past: Judith 5, in Núria Calduch-Benages and Jan Liesen, eds., History and Identity: How Israel’s Later Authors Viewed Its Earlier History (Berlin and New York: de Gruyter, 2006) 115–39.

Newman, Praying by the Book

Judith H. Newman, Praying by the Book: The Scripturalization of Prayer in Second Temple Judaism (EJL 14; Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 1999).

Newsom, Daniel

Carol A. Newsom, Daniel: A Commentary (OTL; Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2014).

Nickelsburg, Jewish Literature

George W. E. Nickelsburg, Jewish Literature between the Bible and the Mishnah: A Historical and Literary Introduction (2nd ed.; Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 2005).

Niditch, Eroticism and Death

Susan Niditch, Eroticism and Death in the Tale of Jael, in Peggy Day, ed., Gender and Difference in Ancient Israel (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1989) 43–57.

Nolte and Jordaan, Ideology and Intertextuality

S. Philip Nolte and Pierre J. Jordaan, Ideology and Intertextuality: Intertextual Allusions in Judith 16, HvTSt 67 (2011) 1–9.

Nutu, Framing Judith

Ela Nutu, Framing Judith: Whose Text, Whose Gaze, Whose Language?, in Ela Nutu and J. Cheryl Exum, eds., Between the Text and the Canvas: The Bible and Art in Dialogue (Bible in the Modern World 13; Sheffield: Sheffield Phoenix, 2007) 117–44.

Olyan, Biblical Mourning

Saul M. Olyan, Biblical Mourning: Ritual and Social Dimensions (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004).

Olyan, Isaiah 40–55

Saul M. Olyan, Is Isaiah 40–55 Really Monotheistic?, JANES 12 (2012) 199–201.

Olyan, Ritual Violence

Saul M. Olyan, ed., Ritual Violence in the Hebrew Bible: New Perspectives (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015).

Orlinsky, Essays

Harry M. Orlinsky, Essays in Biblical Culture and Biblical Translation (New York: Ktav, 1974).

Otzen, Tobit and Judith

Benedikt Otzen, Tobit and Judith (Guides to the Apocrypha and Pseuepigrapha 11; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2001).

Patterson, Re-membering the Past

Dilys Naomi Patterson, Re-membering the Past: The Purpose of Historical Discourse in the Book of Judith, in Patricia G. Kirkpatrick and Timothy D. Goltz, eds., The Function of Ancient Historiography in Biblical and Cognate Studies (New York: T&T Clark International, 2008) 111–23.

Perkins, Lord Is a Warrior

Larry Perkins, ‘The Lord Is a Warrior,’ ‘The Lord Who Crushes Wars,’ Exodus 15:3 and Judith 9:7; 16:2, BIOSCS 40 (2007) 121–33.

Perkins, Suffering Self

Judith Perkins, The Suffering Self: Pain and Narrative Representation in the Early Christian Era (London: Routledge, 1995).

Pfeiffer, History

Robert H. Pfeiffer, History of the New Testament Times, with an Introduction to the Apocrypha (New York: Harper, 1949).

Poirier, Judith: Echos

Jacques Poirier, Judith: Echos d’un mythe biblique dans la littérature française (Rennes: Presses ­universitaires de Rennes, 2004).

Preuss, From Shadow to Promise

Samuel L. Preuss, From Shadow to Promise: Old Testament Interpretation from Augustine to the Young Luther (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1969).

Priebatsch, Das Buch Judith

Hans J. Priebatsch, Das Buch Judith und seine hellenistischen Quellen, ZDPV 90 (1974) 50–60.

Purdie, Story of Judith

Edna Purdie, The Story of Judith in German and English Literature (Paris: Librairie Ancienne Honore Champien, 1927).

Radin, Trickster

Paul Radin, The Trickster: A Study in American Indian Mythology (New York: Schocken, 1972).

Rahlfs

Alfred Rahlfs, Ioudith: Septuaginta, id est Vetus Testamentum graece iuxta LXX interpretes (5th ed.; Stuttgart: Württembergische Bibelanstalt, 1952) 973–1002.

Rakel, I Will Sing

Claudia Rakel, ‘I Will Sing a New Song to My God’: Some Remarks on the Intertextuality of Judith 16.1–17, in Athalya Brenner, ed., Judges: A Feminist Companion to the Bible (Second Series; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1999) 27–47.

Rakel, Judit—Über Schönheit

Claudia Rakel, Judit—Über Schönheit, Macht, und Widerstand im Krieg: Eine feministisch-intertextuelle Lektüre (Berlin and New York: de Gruyter, 2003).

Rakel, Judith: About a Beauty

Claudia Rakel, Judith: About a Beauty Who is not What She Pretends to Be, in Louise Schottroff, ed., Feminist Biblical Interpretation: A Compendium of Critical Commentary on the Books of the Bible and Related Literature (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2012) 515–30.

Ramelli and Perkins, Early Christian and Jewish Narrative

Ilaria Ramelli and Judith Perkins, eds., Early Christian and Jewish Narrative: The Role of Religion in Shaping Narrative Forms (WUNT 348; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2015).

Reardon, Collected Ancient Greek Novels

Bryan P. Reardon, ed., Collected Ancient Greek Novels (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989).

Reinhartz, Better Homes

Adele Reinhartz, Better Homes and Gardens: Women and Domestic Space in the Books of Judith and Susanna, in Stephen G. Wilson and Michel Desjardins, eds., Text and Artifact in the Religions of Mediterranean Antiquity: Essays in Honour of Peter Richardson (Studies in Christianity and Judaism 9; Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2000) 325–39.

Reiterer, Meines Bruders Licht

Friedrich V. Reiterer, Meines Bruders Licht: Untersuchung zur Rolle des Achior, in Géza Xeravits, ed., A Pious Seductress: Studies in the Book of Judith (DCLS 14; Berlin: de Gruyter, 2012) 111–60.

Reiterer, Religion und hellenistische Realpolitik

Friedrich V. Reiterer, Religion und hellenistische Realpolitik im Buch Judit, in Friedrich V. ­Reiterer, Renate Egger-Wenzel, and Thomas R. Elßner, eds., Gesellschaft und Religion in der spät­biblischen und deuterokanonischen Literatur (DCLS 20; Berlin: de Gruyter, 2014) 29–54.

Roddy, Way It Wasn’t

Nicolae Roddy, The Way It Wasn’t: The Book of Judith as Anti-Hasmonean Propaganda, Studia Hebraica 8 (2008) 269–77.

Roitman, Achior

Adolfo D. Roitman, Achior in the Book of Judith: His Role and Significance, in James C. VanderKam, ed., No One Spoke Ill of Her: Essays on Judith (EJL 2; Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1992) 31–45.

Roitman, This People

Adolfo D. Roitman, ‘This People Are Descendants of Chaldeans’ (Judith 5,6): Its Literary Form and Historical Setting, JBL 113 (1994) 245–63.

Ruiz-Montero, Rise of the Greek Novel

Consuelo Ruiz-Montero, Rise of the Greek Novel, in Gareth Schmeling, ed., The Novel in the Ancient World (rev. ed.; Boston: Brill Academic, 2003) 29–85.

Ryan, Ancient Versions

Stephen D. Ryan, The Ancient Versions of Judith and the Place of the Septuagint in the Catholic Church, in Géza Xeravits, ed., A Pious Seductress: Studies in the Book of Judith (DCLS 14; Berlin: de Gruyter, 2012) 1–21.

Ryan, Judith’s Deed

Stephen D. Ryan, Judith’s Deed of Hope and Hope in the Book of Judith (unpublished paper) 10–11.

Sandy, New Pages

Gerald Sandy, New Pages of Greek Fiction, in J. R. Morgan and Richard Stoneman, eds., Greek Fiction: The Greek Novel in Context (London: Routledge, 1994) 130–45.

Satlow, Be a Man

Michael Satlow, ‘Try to be a Man’: The Rabbinic Construction of Masculinity, HTR 89 (1996) 19–40.

Sawyer, Dressing Up

Deborah F. Sawyer, Dressing Up/Dressing Down: Power, Performance, and Identity in the Book of Judith, Theology and Sexuality 8 (2001) 23–31.

Sawyer, Gender Strategies

Deborah F. Sawyer, Gender Strategies in Antiquity: Judith’s Performance, Feminist Theology 28 (2001) 9–26.

Schmeling, Novel in the Ancient World

Gareth Schmeling, ed., The Novel in the Ancient World (rev. ed.; Boston: Brill Academic, 2003).

Schmitz, Function of the Speeches

Barbara Schmitz, "The Function of the Speeches and Prayers in the Books [sic] of Judith," in Athalya Brenner-Idan and Helen Efthimiadis-Keith, eds., A Feminist Companion to Tobit and Judith (Feminist Companion to the Bible [Second Series]; London: Bloomsbury T&T Clark, 2015) 164–74.

Schmitz, Gedeutete Geschichte

Barbara Schmitz, Gedeutete Geschichte: Die Funktion der Reden und Gebete im Buch Judit (HBS 40; Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder, 2004).

Schmitz, Holofernes’s Canopy

Barbara Schmitz, Holofernes’s Canopy in the Septuagint, in Kevin R. Brine, Elena Ciletti, and Henrike Lähnemann, eds., The Sword of Judith: Judith Studies across the Disciplines (Cambridge: OpenBook, 2010) 71–80.

Schmitz, "ΙΟΥΔΙΘ and Iudith"

Barbara Schmitz, "ΙΟΥΔΙΘ and Iudith: Überlegungen zum Verhältnis der Judit-Erzählung in der LXX und der Vulgata," in Johann Cook and Hermann-Josef Stipp, eds., Text-Critical and Hermeneutical Studies in the Septua­gint (VTSup 157; Leiden: Brill, 2012) 359–79.

Schmitz, Trickster

Barbara Schmitz, "Trickster, Schriftgelehrte oder femme fatale? Die Juditfigur zwischen biblischer Erzählung und kunstgeschichtlicher Rezeption," Biblisches Forum 2004, www.bibfor.de (ISSN: 1437–9341).

Schmitz, War, Violence and Tyrannicide

Barbara Schmitz, War, Violence and Tyrannicide in the Book of Judith, in Jan Lisen and Pancratius Beentjes, eds., Visions of Peace and Tales of War (Deuterocanonical and Cognate Literature Yearbook 2010; Berlin and New York: de Gruyter, 2010) 103–19.

Schmitz, Zwischen Achikar

Barbara Schmitz, Zwischen Achikar und Demaratos—die Bedeutung Achiors in der Judit­erzählung, BZ 48 (2004) 19–38.

Schmitz/Engel, Judit

Barbara Schmitz and Helmut Engel, Judit (HThKAT; Freiburg: Herder, 2014).

Schneider, Donatello and Caravaggio

Laurie Schneider, Donatello and Caravaggio: The Iconography of Decapitation, American Imago 33 (1976) 76–101.

Schöpflin, Judith on Stage

Karin Schöpflin, Judith on Stage: The Dramatic Career of a Biblical Heroine, in Géza Xeravits, ed., A Pious Seductress: Studies in the Book of Judith (DCLS 14; Berlin: de Gruyter, 2012) 198–213.

Schorch, Genderising Piety

Stefan Schorch, Genderising Piety: The Prayers of Mordecai and Esther in Comparison, in Géza G. Xeravits and József Zsengellér, eds., Deuterocanonical Additions of the Old Testament Books: Selected Studies (DCLS 5; Berlin: de Gruyter, 2010) 30–42.

Schuller, Apocrypha

Eileen M. Schuller, Introduction to the Apocry­pha, in Carol A. Newsom and Sharon H. Ringe, eds., Women’s Bible Commentary (expanded ed.; Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1998) 263–65.

Schwartz, Un fragment grec

Jacques Schwartz, Un fragment grec du Livre de Judith (sur ostracon), RB 53 (1946) 534–37.

Schwartz, Israel and the Nations

Seth Schwartz, Israel and the Nations ­Roundabout: 1 Maccabees and the Hasmonean Expansion, JJS 42 (1991) 16–38.

Sheaffer, Envisioning

Andrea M. Sheaffer, Envisioning the Book of Judith: How Art Illuminates Minor Characters (Bible in the Modern World; Sheffield: Sheffield Phoenix, 2014).

Shearman, Christofano Allori’s Judith

John Shearman, Cristofano Allori’s Judith, Burlington Magazine 121 (1979) 2–10.

Shemesh, Stories of Women

Yael Shemesh, The Stories of Women in a Man’s World: The Books of Ruth, Esther, and Judith,  in Susanne Scholz, ed., Feminist Interpretation of the Hebrew Bible in Retrospect, vol. 1, Biblical Books  (Recent Research in Biblical Studies 5; Sheffield: Sheffield Phoneix, 2013) 248–67.

Shemesh, Yet He Committed No Act

Yael Shemesh, ‘Yet He Committed No Act of Sin with Me, to Defile and Shame Me’ (Judith 13:16): The Narrative of Judith as a Corrective to the Narrative of Yael and Sisera [in Hebrew], Shnaton: An Annual for Biblical and Ancient Near Eastern Studies 16 (2006) 159–77.

Simkovich, Book of Judith

Malka Simkovich, The Book of Judith: A Fantasy Alternative Narrative to 2 Maccabees (unpublished paper, 2013).

Simkovich, Jewish Universalism

Malka Simkovich, The Making of Jewish Universalism: From Exile to Alexandria (Lanham, MD: Lexington, 2017).

Skehan, Hand of Judith

Patrick W. Skehan, The Hand of Judith, CBQ 25 (1963) 94–110.

Skemp, Vulgate of Tobit

Vincent T. M. Skemp, The Vulgate of Tobit Compared with Other Ancient Witnesses (SBLDS 180; Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2000).

Smith, Domestication of Sacrifice

Jonathan Z. Smith, The Domestication of Sacrifice, in Robert Hamerton-Kelly, ed., Violent Origins: Walter Burkert, René Girard, and Jonathan Z. Smith on Ritual Killing and Cultural Formation (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1987) 191–238.

Smither, History of the Oratorio

Howard E. Smither, A History of the Oratorio (4 vols.; Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1977–2000).

Soubigou, Judith

Louis Soubigou, Judith: Traduit et commenté, in Louis Pirot and Albert Clamer, La Sainte Bible (Paris: Letouzey et Ané, 1952) 481–575.

Steinmann, Lecture de Judith

Jean Steinmann, Lecture de Judith (Paris: Gabalda, 1953).

Steinmetzer, Geschichtlichkeit der Juditherzählung

Franz Steinmetzer, Neue Untersuchung über die Geschichtlichkeit der Juditherzählung: Ein Beitrag zur Erklärung des Buches Judith (Leipzig: Rudolf Haupt, 1907).

Stephens and Winkler, Ancient Greek Novels

Susan A. Stephens and John J. Winkler, Ancient Greek Novels: The Fragments; Introduction, Text, Translation, and Commentary (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995).

Stetkevych, Mute Immortals

Suzanne Pinckney Stetkevych, The Mute Immortals Speak: Pre-Islamic Poetry and the Poetics of Ritual (Myth and Poetics; Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993).

Stiehl and Altheim, Die aramäische Sprache

Ruth Stiehl and Franz Altheim, Die aramäische Sprache unter den Achaimeniden (Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann, 1963).

Stocker, Judith

Margarita Stocker, Judith: Sexual Warrior Women and Power in Western Culture (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998).

Stoneman, Alexander Romance

Richard Stoneman, The Greek Alexander Romance (London: Penguin, 1991).

Strait, Wisdom of Solomon

Drew J. Strait, The Wisdom of Solomon, Ruler Cults, and Paul’s Polemic against Idols in the Areopagus Speech, JBL 106 (2017) 609–32.

Stronk, Ctesias’ Persian History

Jan P. Stronk, Ctesias’ Persian History, part 1: Introduction, Text, and Translation (Düsseldorf: Wellem, 2010).

Stummer, Geographie

Friedrich Stummer, Geographie des Buches Judith (Bibelwissenschaftliche Reihe