Honest History - Volume Two

By Garrison Clifford Gibson

Honest History comprises essays on topics in contemporary history of interest to me during the year. With the trend toward globalism, corporatism and careerist media versions of world events saturating popular thought I believe it useful to provide my own, independent point of view. With modest goals backed with solid work I have captured enough data to discern the disconformity with the commercial narrative of events.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Lulu.com
• Release date: Sep 19, 2014
• ISBN: 9781312535732

Book preview

Honest History - Volume Two

Honest History - Volume Two

©2014 Garrison Clifford Gibson

Copyright

Honest History - Volume Two ©2014 Garrison Clifford Gibson

I.S.B.N. # 978-1-312-53573-2

Forward

Honest History comprises essays on topics in contemporary history of interest to me during the year. With the trend toward globalism, corporatism and careerist media versions of world events saturating popular thought I believe it useful to provide my own, independent point of view. With modest goals backed with solid work I have captured enough data to discern the disconformity with the commercial narrative of events.

Content

Sect. Kerry Pushes for Sanctions to Assert Post-Cold War Takeover of Russian Ukraine

14 March 2014

For most of human history power has determined borders. Genghis Khan had no respect for the forest Slavs of Russia and raged his global warming and rainfall advantaged horse riders to within 30 miles of the Baltic Sea. For several centuries Russia fought back against the evil empire and of course the Stroganov mercenary Yermak rode past the Urals under Ivan the Terrible to retake those lands eventually. Yet Russia and Russian Ukraine would be attacked repeatedly from the west as well. No matter, Napoleon and Hitler invaded Moscow and under several forces the Ukraine was captured for a time. If there is a lesson to be learned from the history of hostile takeover of Russian land such as the Ukraine it is that war is the ultimate ratio for determining borders. The Obama administration has the most powerful military on Earth so it feels right to declare its will as existential law.

Consider Britain's history of invasion and the British Empire's use of force and military skill to create a global empire; violence or the threat of violence determined political and economic power. Not that any of that is good of  course. When the Aztecs purged Mexico of rivals and sacrificed their hearts it was a painful experience for the losers of history. When Attorney General Holder cites Missoula Montana as a place where the county prosecutor is to easy on rape he probably is unaware that Missoula mean place of skulls and was a place where Crow and Blackfoot met in conflict and where Lewis and Clarke encountered troubles on the West Fork of the Clark River. Even with a majority of female prosecutors it may be difficult to reduce crimes from people wandering through Missoula-geomancy maybe, yet the administration can probably apply some logic to the land grab of the eastern Ukraine from Russia when it was weakened by transition to a new government at the end of the Soviet Union that won't sound like naked aggression to U.S. voters.

For most of America's history it had no significant external enemy able to make a land invasion. When the British, French and Spanish learned holding America without American cooperation wasn't practical they at least stopped the effort to take lands that would be the U.S.A. Even Russia recognizing the expanding American power and win in the U.S. civil war over the British supported Confederacy sold Alaska to America in 1867. The post cold war chaos resulting in the taking of land from the traditional Russia was done without even a token payment.

Sect. Seward at least paid something to the Tsar.

Since the end of the cold war U.S. political leadership has failed to transition to a post cold war economic relationship with Russia that was just friendly. Russians had a monumental challenge of changing from a Stalinist structure to one with free enterprise. That was a challenge America has never had. U.S. leadership can't even create full employment or eliminate its own public debt. Instead it seems to go from one cheap Wall Street and public policy scheme to another for short term economic policy.

Keeping the spirit of the cold war era going was too easy and beside the U.S.A. has all that military and economic power to intimidate with. American leadership ought to have been more understanding with Russia and not gone to the cold, hard viscous capitalist mode of taking maximum advantage of the weaken Russian Federation, for there is a traditional Russia seemingly, and that included the Eastern Ukraine and Crimea.

The economy doesn't need the instability created by the Obama policy of belligerence right now. While the millionaires and billionaires of Boston are contemplating their global profits and prospects millions of Americans are experiencing seriously degraded lives financially with diminished life prospects. yet with the broadcast media owned by the rich the Ukraine must look like an easy whale for the harvest.

One Fiction Scenario for MH 370 Air Piracy Op

March 14, 2014

If something like the following scenario didn't happen, it could happen. Unless something as strange as the disappearance of MH370 had happened the idea wouldn't have occurred to me...

It had been getting harder to make a dishonest living in the Strait of Malacca pirating ships. The pirate looked up to the sky one day contemplating new vistas for profit taking. In the deep blue sky a large passenger jet slipped silently. In the pirate's mind a plan to form.

The pirate recruited a corrupt former airline pilot and discovered a conduit into Malaysian Air passenger information. With a competent make up artist to transform the pilot's face to that of a legitimate passenger with a real passport it was only necessary to take a ceramic gun aboard to commandeer the aircraft. Failing a 3D gun printing acquisition back up methods of poison gas or curare-tipped darts might work to incapacitate the aircraft crew. A little compressed air device carefully camouflaged with a few darts wouldn't attract notice from airport security screeners.

The disguise pilot boarded the aircraft while the actual individual who's identity had been taken retired to a remote spot to await life insurance payment sharing. Some time after MH 370 was in flight the pirate pilot contrived an opportunity to enter the cockpit and take out the crew, disable communications, transponder, change course and drop to low altitude.

In a few hours MH 370 reached a remote airport or highway surface for refueling. If sold for parts including the pirate considered the passenger swag besides. His thought took a darker turn yet he had evolved beyond good and evil to personal egoist pragmatism. First-worlders would pay a fortune for transplanted organs in India. The value of 200 hearts, 400 lungs etc. wasn't lost on the pilot. He made an arrangement with a pair of corrupt medical cutters for an ad hoc chop shop in India.

He had three options for the Boeing 777. One, repaint and sell the plane to an obscure fleet. Two, cut it up at a specialty firm in a few hours and sell it for parts. Three, move it to a staging area controlled by Sheik Kali Martinet for readiness as an explosive package delivery platform.

MH 370 and the Paine Stewart's Crash Scenario-Another Possibility

March 13, 2014

The continuing mystery of Malaysian Air MH 370's disappearance leads to new searches areas and theories. It didn't travel through the Bermuda Triangle though so anything involving Atlantis can be ruled out. It could have evolved a scenario like the golfer Paine Stewart's jet that flew for hours on automatic pilot after everyone aboard was dead. Is that a possibility for flight MH370? Could it have crashed somewhere on the mainland after losing cabin pressure?

http://www.cnn.com/US/9911/23/stewart.crash.03/

http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304185104579437573396580350?mg=reno64-wsj&url=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424052702304185104579437573396580350.html

Fukushima Radioactive Water Catalyst for Border Water-Processing Canal Project?

March 11, 2014

The broke Fukushima power plants reportedly require 100,000 gallons of water daily that becomes contaminated and radioactive. The water is hot and stored in tanks and may be so for years. If storage is a problem what about loading it on a supertanker and shipping it for water treatment somewhere like the American Southwest for evaporation in a Mexican border canal specially designed for collecting salty water residue and making fresh water from evaporation? The Japanese might be interested in making a financial contribution to the project and the U.S. southwest has droughts that may increase and could use fresh water made from salt water with or without radioactive waste in it?

Large public works projects used to be the American thing. I lived in the Columbia Basin long ago and learned of the Grand Coulee dam project and it's value for farm irrigation. The Southwest could use a new water-making technology to supply farms too, especially if global warming changes the weather patterns and dries up the southwest. If a future nuclear accident occurs it may be necessary to process water one more time. It can be useful to be prepared for radioactive waste water treatment.

Evaporation and condensation in covered canals with fresh water separated from the salt and radiation (if that is technically possible) could process the Fukushima water and augment that with water pumped up from San Diego to New Mexico in a pipe using solar power. What to do about radioactive waste if it can be separated and collected in salt sludge?

Maybe salt sludge can be recrystalized under mechanical pressure and formed into a shape useful for packing deep in an excavated salt dome-just a thought.

Was Flight 370 Taken By Air Pirates?

March 11, 2014

The missing Malaysian airliner flight MH370 reportedly took a turn west and flew off course several hundred miles over an area known for maritime piracy. That leads one to wonder if pirates have upgraded to aircraft?

http://news.msn.com/world/malaysian-military-missing-jet-changed-course?ocid=ansnews11

A Boeing 777 with extended range can fly almost 8000 miles. If pirates landed the plane and refueled it could be about anywhere. With a paint job Al Qaeda of Pakistan could have innovated a new method of procuring a weapon of mass destruction packed with explosives.

Some have speculated the pilot might have suicided, yet there is no evidence of wreckage so far. Perhaps there is a market for stolen aircraft?

The Correct Dialectical Evolution of Society With the Spirit of the Christian Church in History

March 9, 2014

G.W.F. Hegel wrote of a thesis in his Phenomenology of Mind of the evolution of spirit as God realizing himself through history and of course the Universe. That may have been an informative paradigm for the Christian scientist Charles Darwin as well as the political philosopher Karl Marx Each adapted Hegel's paradigm to his own thesis in interpreting substantive history. One may choose to adapt and employ Hegel's paradigm in a different way though to describe an omnipotent God pre-existing history and all things that are contingent ideas for God. God is letting man evolve through history.

The Medieval era of the history of the Christian Church was an exciting period of a little less than a millennium in which human society of the west grew with the spiritual leavening of the spirit of God bringing the nations together from a more primeval time as pagans of the forests. In the preceding pagan era tribal associations commonly with warrior as the basic male occupation jostled for turf. Protracted war of Germanic tribes against Celts. Slavs to the east met with Turkic and Mongolian tribes as a precursor to later great conflicts of the invasions of Mongols and Turks from east to west. Several hundred years after the fall of the western Roman Empire Vikings would row and sail around Europe and journey on its rivers to attack various peoples for profit. Christianity would become the spiritual tie that drew and bound the leaders and many of the people of the pagan world together.

The Middle Ages became an age of discovery for mankind of his intellectual, social and physical potential for being better in the image of God. God is pure reason, logic and love surpassing all human understanding. Bootstrapping any given Universe from the inclination of His thought He donated the impetus and order of assembly of existence for the development of human society during the middle ages. God's modge panc (mind plans) comprising teleology is marvelous to consider so far as one might make inferences of it.

With the presence of the Christian Church and with its monks, priests and Bishops nations were given spiritual reasons to interact at the highest level of state. War and hostage taking were basic elements of statecraft before the infusion of the Church into the social order, yet of course with human beings the agents of socialization that God employed the problems of sin in the state, people and Christians continued. Development of the nations from the pagan foundations of tribal turf instead of legal boundaries emerged. If Kings sometimes donated land to the Church they sometimes appointed Bishops as well (ref. Merovingian Kings).

As the Christian Church developed an ecclesiastical structure and evolved its method the nations too founded agencies and ideas, doctrines and procedures of increasing sophistication. The problem in modern third world nation start-ups of the lack of non-governmental agencies to fill the void as catalysts for social cohesion and public development were mitigated significantly during the middle ages by the progressive advance of structure in and out of the church coinciding with state advance. It is a marvelous subject to consider. Problems with the succession of kings and right to rule internationally were paralleled in the Avignon captivity and subsequent simultaneous existence of three popes. While the controversy on the right of investiture continued the issue of the right of any pope or patriarch to act as monarch over all Christians, and even the politics of the nations arose. While arguments over doctrine rising to the level of heresy occurred political theories about the political rights of man to be free from tyranny stirred. The assertions of the right of the laity to select their own leader of the church made at the Council of Constance supported the paradigm of traits toward political independence from imperialism. One could find the development of nationalism too in reactions against various formations of political and/or ecclesiastical imperialism.

With Phillip Shaff's list of contents of his study of Christian Church History published in the late 19th century (following) it is easy to comprehend the rise of complexity and structure that implicitly occurred socially around the Christian world and beyond. Even the Muslim world was influenced by Christian ethics. It is challenging to imagine Muhammad arising in the absence of the appearance of Jesus Christ the Savior or even the course of mass social paganism through the same period without a spiritual foundation. Francis of Assisi in personifying the work of the Lord is a far cry different than the ethics of tossing deformed babies on the public garbage heap or those stoking up chemical or biological engines of holocaust. Humanity do not all follow the spiritual ethics of the Lord and some do not know what they are.

History of the Christian Church, Volume IV: The

Middle Ages. A.D. 1049-1294 Phillip Shaff

Content Items

The Middle Age. Limits and General Character

The Nations of Medieval Christianity. The Kelt, the Teuton, and the Slav

Genius of Mediaeval Christianity

Periods of the Middle Age

Conversion Of The Northern And Western Barbarians

Character of Mediaeval Missions

Literature

The Britons

The Anglo-Saxons

The Mission of Gregory and Augustin. Conversion of Kent, a.d. 595-604 29

Antagonism of the Saxon and British Clergy

Conversion of the Other Kingdoms of the Heptarchy

Conformity to Row Established. Wilfrid, Theodore, Bede

The Conversion of Ireland. St. Patrick and St. Bridget

The Irish Church after St. Patrick

Subjection of Ireland to English and Roman Rule

The Conversion of Scotland. St. Ninian and St. Kentigern

St. Columba and the Monastery of Iona

The Culdees

Extinction of the Keltic Church, and Triumph of Rome under King David I

Arian Christianity among the Goths and other German Tribes

Conversion of Clovis and the Franks

Columbanus and the Irish Missionaries on the Continent

German Missionaries before Boniface

Boniface, the Apostle of Germany

The Pupils of Boniface. Willibald, Gregory of Utrecht, Sturm of Fulda

The Conversion of the Saxons. Charlemagne and Alcuin. The Heliand, and the

Gospel-Harmony

Scandinavian Heathenism

The Christianization of Denmark. St. Ansgar

The Christianization of Sweden

The Christianization of Norway and Iceland

General Survey

Christian Missions among the Wends

Cyrillus and Methodius, the Apostles of the Slavs. Christianization of Moravia,

Bohemia and Poland

The Conversion of the Bulgarians

The Conversion of the Magyars

The Christianization of Russia

Mohammedanism In Its Relation To Christianity

Literature

Statistics and Chronological Table

Position of Mohammedanism in Church History

The Home, and the Antecedents of Islâm

Life and Character of Mohammed

The Conquests of Islâm

The Koran, and the Bible

The Mohammedan Religion

Mohammedan Worship

Christian Polemics against Mohammedanism. Note on Mormonism

The Papal Hierarchy And The Holy Roman Empire

General Literature on the Papacy

Chronological Table of the Popes, Anti-Popes, and Roman Emperors from

Gregory I. to Leo XIII

Gregory the Great. a.d. 590-604

Gregory and the Universal Episcopate

The Writings of Gregory

The Papacy from Gregory I to Gregory II a.d. 604-715

From Gregory II to Zacharias. a.d. 715-741

Alliance of the Papacy with the New Monarchy of the Franks. Pepin and the

Patrimony of St. Peter. A.d. 741-755

Charles the Great. a.d. 768-814

Founding of the Holy Roman Empire, a.d. 800. Charlemagne and Leo II

Survey of the History of the Holy Roman Empire

The Papacy and the Empire from the Death of Charlemagne to Nicolas I a.d.

814-858). Note on the Myth of the Papess Joan 2

The Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals

Nicolas I., April, 858-Nov. 13, 867

Hadrian II. and John VIII a.d. 867 to 882

The Degradation of the Papacy in the Tenth Century

The Interference of Otho the Great

The Second Degradation of the Papacy from Otho I to Henry III. a.d. 97-1046

Henry III and the Synod of Sutri. Deposition of three rival Popes. a.d. 1046

The Conflict Of The Eastern And Western Churches And Their Separation

Sources and Literature

The Consensus and Dissensus between the Greek and Latin Churches

The Causes of Separation

The Patriarch and the Pope. Photius and Nicolas

Progress and Completion of the Schism. Cerularius 2

Fruitless Attempts at Reunion

Morals And Religion

Literature

General Character of Mediaeval Morals

Clerical Morals

Domestic Life

Slavery

Feuds and Private Wars. The Truce of God

The Ordeal

The Torture

Christian Charity

Monasticism

Use of Convents in the Middle Ages

St. Benedict. St. Nilus. St. Romuald

The Convent of Cluny

Church Discipline

The Penitential Books

Ecclesiastical Punishments. Excommunication, Anathema, Interdict

Penance and Indulgence

Church And State

Legislation

The Roman Law

The Capitularies of Charlemagne

English Legislation

Worship And Ceremonies

The Mass

The Sermon

Church Poetry. Greek Hymns and Hymnists

Latin Hymnody. Literature

Latin Hymns and Hymnists

The Seven Sacraments

The Organ and the Bell

The Worship of Saints

The Worship of Images. Literature. Different Theories

The Iconoclastic War, and the Synod of 754

The Restoration of Image-Worship by the Seventh Oecumenical Council, 787

Iconoclastic Reaction, and Final Triumph of Image-Worship, a.d. 842

The Caroline Books and the Frankish Church on Image-Worship

Evangelical Reformers. Agobardus of Lyons, and Claudius of Turin

Doctrinal Controversies

General Survey

The Controversy on the Procession of the Holy Spirit

The Arguments for and against the Filioque

The Monotheletic Controversy

The Doctrine of Two Wills in Christ

History of Monotheletism and Dyotheletism

The Sixth Oecumenical Council. a.d. 680 7

The Heresy of Honorius

Concilium Quinisextum. a.d. 692

Reaction of Monotheletism. The Maronites

The Adoptionist Controversy. Literature

History of Adoptionism 1

Doctrine of Adoptionism 5

The Predestinarian Controversy

Gottschalk and Babanus Maurus

Gottschalk and Hincmar

The Contending Theories on Predestination, and the Victory of

Semi-Augustinianism

The Doctrine of Scotus Erigena

The Eucharistic Controversies. Literature

The Two Theories of the Lord's Supper

The Theory of Paschasius Radbertus

The Theory of Ratramnus

The Berengar Controversy

Berengar's Theory of the Lord's Supper 8

Lanfranc and the Triumph of Transubstantiation 11

Heretical Sects

The Paulicians

The Euchites and other Sects in the East

The New Manichaeans in the West 524

The State Of Learning

Literature

Literary Character of the Early Middle Ages

Learning in the Eastern Church

Christian Platonism and the Pseudo-Dionysian Writings

Prevailing Ignorance in the Western Church

Educational Efforts of the Church

Patronage of Letters by Charles the Great, and Charles the Bald

Alfred the Great, and Education in England

Biographical Sketches Of Ecclesiastical Writers

Chronological List of the Principal Ecclesiastical Writers from the Sixth to the

Twelfth Century

St. Maximus Confessor

John of Damascus

Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople

Simeon Metaphrastes

Oecumenius

Theophylact Michael Psellus

Euthymius Zigabenus

Eustathius of Thessalonica

Nicetas Acominatos

Cassiodorus

St. Gregory of Tours

St. Isidore of Seville

The Venerable Bede (Baeda)

Paul the Deacon

St. Paulinus of Aquileia

Alcuin

St. Liudger

Theodulph of Orleans

St. Eigil

Amalarius

Einhard

viiSmaragdus

Jonas of Orleans

Rabanus Maurus

Haymo

Walahfrid Strabo

Florus Magister, of Lyons 3

Servatus Lupus

Druthmar

St. Paschasius Radbertus

Patramnus

Hincmar of Rheims

Johannes Scotus Erigena

Anastasius

Ratherius of Verona

Gerbert (Sylvester II.)

Fulbert of Chartres

Rodulfus Glaber. Adam of Bremen

St. Peter Damiani

History of the Christian Church, Volume V: The

Middle Ages. A.D. 1294-1517 Philip Schaff

Content items

The Hildebrandian Popes. A.D. 1049-1073. . . . .. . . . . . . . . .

Sources and Literature on Chapters I. and II. . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hildebrand and his Training. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hildebrand and Leo IX. 1049-1054. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Victor II. and Stephen IX. (X.). 1055-1058. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nicolas II. and the Cardinals. 1059-1061. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The War against Clerical Marriage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Alexander II. and the Schism of Cadalus. 1061-1073. . .. . . . . . Gregory Vii, 1073-1085. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hildebrand elected Pope. His Views on the Situation. . .  . . .

The Gregorian Theocracy. .

Gregory VII. as a Moral Reformer. Simony and Clerical Marriage. . . .

The Enforcement of Sacerdotal Celibacy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The War over Investiture. . . . . . . . . . . . .

Gregory VII. and Henry IV. . . . .

Canossa. 1077. . . . . . .

Renewal of the Conflict. Two Kings and Two Popes. .

Death of Gregory VII. . . .

The Papacy From The Death Of Gregory Vii. To The Concordat Of Worms.

A.D 1085-1122. . .

Victor III. and Urban II. 1086-1099. . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pascal II. and Henry V. 1099-1118. . . . . . . . .

The Concordat of Worms. 1122. . . . . . . . .

The Conflict of the Hierarchy in England. William the Conqueror and

Lanfranc. . . . . . . . . . .

William Rufus and Anselm. . . . . . .

Anselm and Henry I. . . . .

The Papacy From The Concordat Of Worms To Innocent Iii. A.D.

1122-1198. . . . . . .

Innocent II., 1130-1143, and Eugene III., 1145-1153. . .

Arnold of Brescia. . . . . . . . . .

The Popes and the Hohenstaufen. . . . . .

Adrian IV. and Frederick Barbarossa. . . .

Alexander III. in Conflict with Barbarossa. . . . .

The Peace of Venice. 1177. . . . . .

Thomas Becket and Henry II of England. . .

The Archbishop and the King. . . .

The Martyrdom of Thomas Becket. Dec. 29, 1170. . . .

The Effects of Becket's Murder. . . . .

Innocent Iii. And His Age. A.D. 1198-1216. . . . . .

Literature. . .

Innocent's Training and Election. . . .

Innocent's Theory of the Papacy. . . . . .

Innocent and the German Empire. . . .

Innocent and King John of England. . . . .

Innocent and Magna Charta. . . . .

The Fourth Lateran Council, 1215. . . .

The Papacy From The Death Of Innocent Iii. To Boniface Viii.

1216-1294. . . . . . .

The Papal Conflict with Frederick II Begun. . . . . .

Gregory IX. and Frederick II. 1227-1241. . . . .

The First Council of Lyons and the Close of Frederick's Career.

1241-1250. . .

The Last of the Hohenstaufen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The Empire and Papacy at Peace. 1271-1294. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The Crusades. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Literature on the Crusades as a Whole. . .

Character and Causes of the Crusades. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The Call to the Crusades. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The First Crusade and the Capture of Jerusalem. . .  . . . . . .

The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem 1099-1187. . .

The Fall of Edessa and the Second Crusade. . . . . . . .

The Third Crusade. 1189-1192. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The Children's Crusades. . .. . . .

The Fourth Crusade and the Capture of Constantinople. 1200-1204. . .

Frederick II. and the Fifth Crusade . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

St. Louis and the Last Crusades 1248, 1270.

The Last Stronghold of the Crusaders in Palestine. .

Effects of the Crusades. . . . . . . .

The Military Orders. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The Monastic Orders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The Revival of Monasticism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Monasticism and the Papacy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The Monks of Cluny. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The Cistercians. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

St. Bernard of Clairvaux. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The Augustinians, Carthusians, Carmelites, and other Orders.

Monastic Prophets. .. . . . . . . . . . .

The Mendicant Orders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Franciscan Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

St. Francis d'Assisi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The Franciscans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

St. Dominic and the Dominicans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Missions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Literature and General Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Missions in Northeastern Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Missions among the Mohammedans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Missions among the Mongols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The Jews. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Heresy And Its Suppression. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Literature for the Entire Chapter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The Mediaeval Dissenters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The Cathari. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Peter de Bruys and Other Independent Leaders. . . . . . . . . .

The Amaurians and Other Isolated Sects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The Beguines and Beghards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The Waldenses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The Crusades against the Albigenses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The Inquisition. Its Origin and Purpose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The Inquisition. Its Mode of Procedure and Penalties

. . . . . . .

Universities And Cathedrals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Schools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Books and Libraries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The Universities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The University of Bologna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The University of Paris. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Oxford and Cambridge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The Cathedrals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Scholastic And Mystic Theology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Literature and General Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Sources and Development of Scholasticism.

Realism and Nominalism. . . . . . . . . . . . .

Anselm of Canterbury. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Peter Abaelard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Abaelard's Teachings and Theology. . . . . .

Younger Contemporaries of Abaelard. . . . .

Peter the Lombard and the Summists. . . . .

Mysticism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

St. Bernard as a Mystic. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hugo and Richard of St. Victor. . . . . . . . . .

Scholasticism At Its Height. . . . . . . . . . . . .

Alexander of Hales. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Albertus Magnus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Thomas Aquinas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Bonaventura. . .