The Communist Manifesto
By Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
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About this ebook
The Communist Manifesto is a 1848 political manifesto by German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that laid out the programme of the Communist League. It contains Marx and Engels' theories about the nature of society and politics, that in their own words, "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class st
Karl Marx
Karl Marx (1818–1883), dessen Eltern beide aus bedeutenden Trierer Rabbinerfamilien stammten, studierte nach dem Abitur zunächst Jura in Bonn, wechselte aber ein Jahr später nach Berlin, wo er früh zu den Linkshegelianern um Bruno Bauer stieß. Nach der Promotion 1841 wurde ihm von der preußischen Regierung aus politischen Gründen der Eintritt in eine akademische Laufbahn verwehrt. Er wurde Herausgeber der liberalen Rheinischen Zeitung, musste allerdings bereits 1843 angesichts der preußischen Zensur nach Paris und später nach Brüssel emigrieren. In Paris begann Marx, sich mit politischer Ökonomie zu beschäftigen, und entwickelte in Kritik an den französischen Sozialisten einen eigenständigen politischen und philosophischen Standpunkt. Mit Friedrich Engels, der 1845 mit ihm nach Brüssel ging und ihn zeitlebens auch finanziell unterstützte, verband ihn eine lebenslange Freundschaft sowie enge politische und publizistische Zusammenarbeit. Im Revolutionsjahr 1848 verfassten Marx und Engels für den »Bund der Kommunisten« das Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei. Zeugnis der politisch-ökonomischen Studien der Pariser Zeit sind die aus dem Nachlass herausgegebenen Ökonomisch-philosophischen Manuskripte (PhB 559). 1849 wurde Marx als Staatenloser aus Brüssel ausgewiesen und ging nach London. Am Kapital (1. Aufl. 1867), in dem Marx aus der Kritik der klassischen politischen Ökonomie die Mehrwert- und Ausbeutungstheorie als Theorie der Akkumulation des Kapitals entwickelte, arbeitete er bis zu seinem Tod beständig weiter. Marx, der neben seiner politischen Tätigkeit ein gewaltiges publizistisches Werk verfasst hat, ist der einflussreichste Theoretiker des Kommunismus. Seine Schriften prägten die Arbeiterbewegungen des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts weltweit.
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The Communist Manifesto - Karl Marx
Contents
Manifesto of the Communist Party
Chapter 1
Bourgeois and Proletarians
Chapter 2
Proletarians and Communists
Chapter 3
Socialist and Communist Literature
1. Reactionary Socialism
A. Feudal Socialism
B. Petty-Bourgeois Socialism
C. German or True
Socialism
2. Conservative or Bourgeois Socialism
3. Critical-Utopian Socialism and Communism
Chapter 4
Position of the Communists in Relation to the Various Existing Opposition Parties
Manifesto of the Communist Party
A spectre is haunting Europe—the spectre of communism. All the powers of old Europe have entered into a holy alliance to exorcise this spectre: Pope and Tsar, Metternich and Guizot, French Radicals and German police-spies.
Where is the party in opposition that has not been decried as communistic by its opponents in power? Where is the opposition that has not hurled back the branding reproach of communism, against the more advanced opposition parties, as well as against its reactionary adversaries?
Two things result from this fact:
I. Communism is already acknowledged by all European powers to be itself a power.
II. It is high time that Communists should openly, in the face of the whole world, publish their views, their aims, their tendencies, and meet this nursery tale of the Spectre of Communism with a manifesto of the party itself.
To this end, Communists of various nationalities have assembled in London and sketched the following manifesto, to be published in the English, French, German, Italian, Flemish and Danish languages.
Chapter 1
Bourgeois and Proletarians¹
01.jpgThe history of all hitherto existing society² is the history of class struggles.
Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master³ and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary reconstitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes.
In the earlier epochs of history, we find almost everywhere a complicated arrangement of society into various orders, a manifold gradation of