Satan's Twelve Strategies: The Outward Forms They Take, How to Recognize Them, and God's Plan to Defeat Them

By William Glass

Are you wondering why we have the social, moral, religious, and political differences occurring in our culture? What is the biblical and Christian response to the hotbed issues we are facing today regarding abortion, climate change, globalization, Israel, LGBTQ community, gay marriage, population control, and environmentalism?

Satan's

• Language: English
• Publisher: Trilogy Christian Publishing
• Release date: Aug 16, 2020
• ISBN: 9781647731090

Book preview

Acknowledgment

I need to thank all my seminary professors who invested in me and imparted their knowledge and wisdom to equip me for ministry.

I also need to thank my church whose prayers, encouragement, and support continue to bless me and motivate me to continue to serve our Lord.

My prayer is that those who read this book will be more acutely aware of Satan’s schemes, be drawn closer to our Lord, have a deeper appreciation of God’s love, and be more dedicated to following him.

I have been crucified with Christ. It is no longer I who live, but Christ who lives in me. And the life I now live in the flesh I live by faith in the Son of God, who loved me and gave himself for me.

—Galatians 2:20 (ESV)

Cast all your anxiety on him because he cares for you. Be alert and of sober mind. Your enemy the devil prowls around like a roaring lion looking for someone to devour.

—1 Peter 5:7–8 (NIV)

And find out what pleases the Lord. Have nothing to do with the fruitless deeds of darkness, but rather expose them.

—Ephesians 5:10–11 (NIV84)

Abbreviations

Preface

With the current state of our social, moral, and political culture now embracing a post-postmodern, post-post modern,pluralistic, and highly charged politically correct philosophy exerting greater pressure on individuals and organizations to not merely accept but to condone and promote these liberal pluralistic values, Satan’s Twelve Strategies explains the root causes behind the cultural changes as well as a means to overcome the pressure to conform.

And you were dead in the trespasses and sins in which you once walked, following the course of this world, following the prince of the power of the air, the spirit that is now at work in the sons of disobedience—among whom we all once lived in the passions of our flesh, carrying out the desires of the body and the mind, and were by nature children of wrath, like the rest of mankind. (Eph. 2:1–3 ESV)

The root causes underlying these changes are Satan’s twelve strategies that distort and pervert God’s image in man. Satan’s goal is to move mankind from reflecting God’s image to reflecting his image and carry out his agenda. This goal involves mankind becoming more like him—adopting and promoting his value system, morality, and demonic ideology. Jesus, speaking to those who refuse to come to God on his terms points this out.

You are of your father the devil, and your will is to do your father’s desires. He was a murderer from the beginning, and does not stand in the truth, because there is no truth in him. When he lies, he speaks out of his own character, for he is a liar and the father of lies. (John 8:44 ESV)

While our battle is not against flesh and blood (the outward forms his strategies take and the human operatives he uses to carry out his schemes), it is against the demonic forces that underlie the outward forms of his strategies. For we do not wrestle against flesh and blood, but against the rulers, against the authorities, against the cosmic powers over this present darkness, against the spiritual forces of evil in the heavenly places (Eph. 6:12 ESV). This book will help Christians recognize Satan’s (the god of this age, 2 Cor. 4:4) schemes and present God’s battle plan for victory. Finally, be strong in the Lord and in the strength of his might. Put on the whole armor of God, that you may be able to stand against the schemes of the devil (Eph. 6:10–11 ESV). Each strategy is defined, and the internal operatives (those within the church) and external operatives (those outside the church) are exposed to help recognize Satan’s method of implementing each strategy. Then God’s plan for overcoming each of his strategies as revealed in the Bible is set forth. Satan’s Twelve Strategies explains how and why we are seeing such a rapid and dynamic culture shift.

The format of Satan’s Twelve Strategies is purposefully written to cover a broad audience. It is technical enough for seminary and Bible College students, yet written in a style for the average person who is seeking to understand this rapid and intense dynamic change our culture is undergoing; where what was once considered normal by everyone is now considered abnormal; and what was once extreme and perverted is now presented as mainstream. The technical aspect is necessary to explain the spiritual battle underlying all these cultural changes. The Greek and Hebrew words that are alluded to in the text are given a simple English equivalent translation (a gloss) and when necessary a definition (usually in a footnote) to more accurately communicate in English what the Greek and Hebrew terms and phrases communicate in their respective languages. The Greek and Hebrew terms are entered either in their lexical form or how they appear in the Greek and Hebrew text. The technical nature of this book is absolutely necessary because of the intensity of our battle against him and to counter the spiritual confusion that exists today among both Christians and non-Christians because of his schemes.

Satan’s first strategy is his lies (John 8:44). He is a liar, and all he can do and ever does is lie. Our response for obtaining victory over his lies is to renew our minds by standing firm on and grounded in the truth of God’s Word.

I appeal to you therefore, brothers, by the mercies of God, to present your bodies as a living sacrifice, holy and acceptable to God, which is your spiritual worship. Do not be conformed to this world, but be transformed by the renewal of your mind, that by testing you may discern what is the will of God, what is good and acceptable and perfect. (Rom. 12:1–2 ESV)

This strategy is listed first because it underpins all of his other strategies.

The last strategy covered is his blinding people to the truth (2 Cor. 4:4). Our response to his blinding is to accept the Holy Spirit’s ministry of convincing us of the truth regarding sin, righteousness, and God’s judgment (John 16:8–11). Only Jesus can remove Satan’s blinding. This strategy is listed last because it also underpins each of his other strategies. Lying and blinding form the bookends of his twelve schemes in which the other ten strategies fall. Without Satan’s lying and blinding, the other strategies would be ineffective.

The remaining strategies are he tempts, he steals, he harasses, he hinders, he sifts, he masquerades as an angel of light to promote a false spirituality, he accuses, he brings sickness and death, he demonizes, and he devours everyone and everything he touches. God’s Word gives us specific plans to overcome and defeat each of his twelve strategies (2 Tim. 3:16–17).

While this book deals with exposing Satan’s strategies, it is not a dark book as the last half of each of these strategies focuses on our victory over them. My prayer and purpose in writing this book is to encourage each reader who is struggling and frustrated with these cultural changes to know why, how, and by whom they are occurring and to present God’s battle plan for victory. Readers will also be encouraged to see how God is still in charge despite Satan carrying out his evil schemes and activities. Satan goes about looking for someone to devour (1 Pet. 5:8). We need to be alert, aware of his schemes, and have the means to defeat them.

As you read this book, you may recognize where you may have fallen prey to one or more of his strategies. You now have God’s plan to come out from under his strategy and control. With this information, you can be proactive so that you will be able to recognize the strategies and forms they take to avoid them and defend yourself against them. Satan may control the world; he does not have to control you. For everyone who has been born of God overcomes the world. And this is the victory that has overcome the world—our faith. Who is it that overcomes the world except the one who believes that Jesus is the Son of God? (1 John 5:4–5 ESV). This is the victory of our faith. Remember, Little children, you are from God and have overcome them, for he who is in you is greater than he who is in the world (1 John 4:4 ESV).

Introduction and Background

For we do not wrestle against flesh and blood, but against the rulers, against the authorities, against the cosmic powers over this present darkness, against the spiritual forces of evil in the heavenly places.

—Ephesians 6:12 (ESV)

Be sober-minded; be watchful. Your adversary the devil prowls around like a roaring lion, seeking someone to devour. Resist him, firm in your faith, knowing that the same kinds of suffering are being experienced by your brotherhood throughout the world.

—1 Peter 5:8–9 (ESV)

Who is this Satan?

Before we examine Satan’s strategies, a little background information on angels, demons, and Satan is in order. The Bible reveals that angels are divided into two major groups: angels and demons. Angels are further divided into at least two classes: cherubim (Gen. 3:24; Exod. 25:20; Ezek. 28:14, 16) and seraphim (Isa. 6:2–4). The function and purpose of cherubim relate to guarding God’s holiness, while the function and purpose of seraphim relate to worship. Some of the angels are archangels. The only angel clearly identified as an archangel in the Bible is Michael (Dan. 10:13; Jude 9). However, the Bible seems to indicate that Gabriel, because of his position and specific ministry, may also be an archangel (Luke 1:19, 26–38).¹ Michael appears to be the leader over all the angels (chief of the princes; Dan. 10:13, 12:1, and Rev. 12:7). Several of the angels have specific ministries; some of which are still future.²

The demons also are organized and have specific responsibilities and activities.³ Some of them have already been judged and placed into captivity (2 Pet. 2:4; Jude 6). Satan is their leader and chief demon. He is referred to as the ruler and prince of demons (Matt. 9:34, 10:25; Luke 11:15). He was originally identified as the chief cherub (Ezek. 28:12–15). Look at how God described Satan before his fall:

You had the seal of perfection, full of wisdom and perfect in beauty. You were in Eden, the garden of God; every precious stone was your covering: the ruby, the topaz and the diamond; the beryl, the onyx and the jasper; the lapis lazuli, the turquoise and the emerald; and the gold, the workmanship of your settings and sockets, was in you. On the day that you were created they were prepared. You were the anointed cherub who covers, and I placed you there. You were on the holy mountain of God; you walked in the midst of the stones of fire. You were blameless in your ways from the day you were created until unrighteousness was found in you. By the abundance of your trade You were internally filled with violence, And you sinned; therefore I have cast you as profane from the mountain of God. And I have destroyed you, O covering cherub, from the midst of the stones of fire. (Ezek. 28:12–16 NASB95)

This passage teaches that Satan was God’s highest and most beautiful, perfect, glorious, powerful, and intelligent created being. This would make him the chief of all the archangels, as indicated by his special position above the throne of God himself. His primary role was to guard God’s holiness. The very ministry Satan was responsible to fulfill—guarding God’s holiness and overseeing his worship—he sought for himself. He coveted the glory and worship that is God’s alone. As a result, the first sin, pride (1 Tim. 3:6; Ezek. 28:15), came into being in and through Satan. So God removed him from his position and cast him out of the throne room in heaven.⁴ Somehow he managed to convince 1/3 of the angels to follow him (Rev. 12:4).

While Satan has been banished from the throne room in heaven, he still has access to God and heaven (Rev. 12:7–10; Job 1:6–7, 2:1–2). One of the images and lies (doctrines of demons, James 3:14–16) that he has put forth about himself is that he is ruling in hell with a pitchfork; a common pictorial portrayal of Satan. However, the Bible teaches the opposite! He spends a great deal of his time in heaven—that’s right, heaven. Much like a prosecuting attorney, he accuses believers of their sins and shortcomings before God. He will continue in this role as the accuser of believers until he is finally cast out of heaven in the middle of the Tribulation period.

And I heard a loud voice in heaven, saying, Now the salvation and the power and the kingdom of our God and the authority of his Christ have come, for the accuser of our brothers has been thrown down, who accuses them day and night before our God. (Rev. 12:10 ESV)

Satan Is the Great Deceiver and Perverter

Today, Satan is called the prince or ruler of the power of the air (Eph. 2:2). He is the evil spirit who has been deceiving mankind with his false philosophies, religions, morality, culture, and governments (Eph. 2:1–2) since he first seduced and deceived Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden (Gen. 3:1–6). That is where and when sin entered the human race. Satan’s methodology involves twelve strategies to accomplish these deceptions. Put on the full armor of God, so that you can take your stand against the devil’s schemes (Eph. 6:11 NIV). The Greek word translated schemes or craftiness is (methodeia, method). It is only used negatively or unfavorably in the Bible and early Christian literature.⁵ It only occurs twice in the New Testament. In Ephesians 6:11 it refers to Satan and his deceitful schemes, and in Ephesians 4:14 it refers to the deceitful schemes of man. Satan has his demons organized to carry out his evil deceptions to inflict as much havoc as he can on both believers and nonbelievers. It is scary to comprehend just how organized the Bible reveals that Satan and his demons are! The Bible refers to Satan’s work and activity as his trade or business.

In the abundance of your trade you were filled with violence in your midst, and you sinned; so I cast you as a profane thing from the mountain of God, and I destroyed you, O guardian cherub, from the midst of the stones of fire. (Ezek. 28:16 ESV)

The Hebrew word translated trade is (rәkullah). It carries the idea of a trade (business) or can refer to the merchandise of that business. What is interesting is that the Greek translation of the Old Testament (the Septuagint, LXX) translates rәkullah (trade) with the term (emporia). Emporia’s semantic range includes the following meanings: commerce, trade, business, traffic, or market. The idea behind emporia is that of carrying on a business of buying and selling. In other words, Satan is in the business of selling his lies and perversions and is in the market for buyers! He is very skilled at his trade since God refers to his business as being in abundance. He is also very organized. Satan is the original organized crime leader.

Daniel was so overwhelmed when he was given a glimpse of that power and organization that he fainted! Daniel 10 gives this account and helps explain what we see occurring in our world today—namely how nations, countries, cultures, governments, and their leaders are being influenced, manipulated, and deceived by these satanic activities. In this account, the archangel Michael comes to the aid of an angel who was hindered from coming to Daniel by the demon (referred to as a prince) in charge of Persia for twenty-one days. Satan has assigned a demon to oversee the demonic activities in every nation. In the account of Satan’s temptations of Jesus in the wilderness, Satan offered Jesus control over all the kingdoms of the world if Jesus would bow down and worship him.

Again, the devil took him to a very high mountain and showed him all the kingdoms of the world and their glory. And he said to him, "All these I will give you, if you will fall down and worship me. (Matthew 4:8–9 ESV)

No wonder Paul emphatically states that our battle is not against flesh and blood but against these demonic forces,

Finally, be strong in the Lord and in the strength of his might. Put on the whole armor of God that you may be able to stand against the schemes of the devil. For we do not wrestle against flesh and blood, but against the rulers, against the authorities, against the cosmic powers over this present darkness, against the spiritual forces of evil in the heavenly places." (Ephesians 6:10–12 ESV)

Yet, these spiritual battles take place in our physical world.

The Physical Forms This Spiritual Warfare Takes

While the war is against demonic forces and their satanic strategies, the battles are played out in our physical world through any and every philosophy, religion, government, educational system, and culture that opposes God, his Word, the church, individual believers, and the nation of Israel. Satan uses leaders and individuals involved in these systems and organizations to carry out his schemes against God and his programs. We need to remember that Satan does not and cannot create anything. He only distorts and perverts what God has created through his schemes. He is not omniscient (all knowing), omnipresent (everywhere present at all times), or omnipotent (all powerful). So he has assigned demons to oversee and implement his deceptive strategies against nations, especially Israel, the church, and individual believers.

Another reason he has a demon overseeing the demonic activities in nations is to oppose the angel God has placed there from the beginning to protect these nations. Satan always opposes God and his plans. He promotes evil as good through deception and perversion of what is truly good, holy, and right. Everything God has created is good (marriage, sex, family, the church, and government). Satan distorts and perverts everything and hurts everyone he touches. He even masquerades as an angel of light (2 Cor. 11:14) to try to deceive believers.

The only angel identified in the Bible as the guardian and protector of a nation is Michael, the archangel. The nation under his charge is Israel (Dan. 12:1; 10:13, 21). This observation highlights the intense spiritual warfare that leaders of nations and political parties that support Israel and God’s plan for Israel are in. Likewise, all cultural and educational systems that align with God’s Word are also in this spiritual battle. It can be inferred that since the church is God’s major program for today, that each church would also have an angel. So Satan would have a corresponding demon to fight each angel and church. Their goal is to try to pervert spiritual and moral truth, cause dissension, strife, jealousy, laziness, carnality, and false teachings (James 3:13–18) in the church.⁶ Believers also have an angel assigned to them (Heb. 1:14) as do little children (Matt. 18:10), which would imply that Satan would also have demons to harass believers and children. Child pornography, the sex trafficking trade, and abortion are all part of the outworking of this intense spiritual warfare.

Three Cautions

Three cautions need to be pointed out before we proceed. First, there is the Flip Wilson syndrome, The devil made me do it. Overemphasizing and casting all blame and responsibility on Satan for our sins and missteps in life. While the devil may tempt, he cannot force us to sin. That is our choice (1 Cor. 10:13; James 1:13–15). While the devil works to deceive and blind the world to spiritual truth, the Holy Spirit works to convict or convince the world of the truth (2 Cor. 4:3–4; John 16:8–11; 1 Cor 2:14–16; 1 John 5:6). We also cannot blame God or anyone else for succumbing to Satan’s temptations and lies (James 1:13–16).

Second, there is the error of ignoring and even denying the existence of Satan and his methods. This is equally as dangerous to our spiritual and physical well-being. He and his demons are actively looking for someone to devour (1 Pet. 5:8).

Third, it is spiritual naïveté to not avail ourselves of the information the Bible teaches regarding Satan’s schemes and methodology and how we can overcome his trade of deception and evil. We are warned to be aware of his schemes and to test the spirits.

Be alert and of sober mind. Your enemy the devil prowls around like a roaring lion looking for someone to devour. Put on the full armor of God, so that you can take your stand against the devil’s schemes. Beloved, do not believe every spirit, but test the spirits to see whether they are from God, for many false prophets have gone out into the world. (1 Pet. 5:8 NIV; Eph. 6:11 NIV; 1 John 4:1 ESV)

With this background, we can now examine Satan’s twelve strategies to understand how they are carried out in our world, identify the physical forms these strategies take, and God’s plan to overcome them.

The free demons are used by Satan to carry out his schemes against Christians and non-Christians, churches, ministries, nations, especially Israel, and organizations. All of the demonic activity focuses on deceiving mankind. The cherubim and seraphim may also be archangels, as Satan is referred to as the chief cherub before his fall (Ezek. 28:14).

*This chart is very similar to Charles Ryrie’s chart in his primer entitled, A Survey of Bible Doctrine (Chicago: Moody, 1972),97. It is expanded and includes the unfallen (good) angels.

Chapter 1

Satan’s First Strategy: He Lies

When he lies, he speaks his native language, for he is a liar and the father of lies.

—John 8:44 (NIV)

When regard for truth has been broken down or even slightly weakened, all things will remain doubtful.

—Augustine

The Source of All Lies Is Satan, the Father of Lies

Satan lies because he is a liar. That is his nature and character. Satan delivered his first lie to Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden and the sin of lying entered the human race (Gen. 3:1–7).⁷ Satan propagates his lies against all truth: be they spiritual, religious, scientific, political, psychological, philosophical, social, or moral. The biggest lies he propagates are against God—his being (who he is) and his actions for and toward mankind (what he does based on his character). This was part of his first lie to mankind when he lied to Eve about God.

Now the serpent was more crafty than any of the wild animals the LORD God had made. He said to the woman, Did God really say, ‘You must not eat from any tree in the garden’? The woman said to the serpent, We may eat fruit from the trees in the garden, but God did say, ‘You must not eat fruit from the tree that is in the middle of the garden, and you must not touch it, or you will die.’ You will not certainly die, the serpent said to the woman. For God knows that when you eat from it your eyes will be opened, and you will be like God, knowing good and evil.⁸

The goal of his lies is to have us question God’s character. Satan is brazen in both, his attacks against God and his lies about God. In the Genesis account he emphatically states the opposite of what God said to Adam in order to have Eve doubt God’s goodness. He misstates and thus perverts the very words God spoke! God emphatically said, "for when you (singular) eat of it you (singular) will surely die" ( môt tāmût, Gen. 2:17).⁹ Satan used the same Hebrew phrase and two verb stems and forms of the verb to die, that God used, but states the exact opposite of what God said, "you (plural) will surely not die." He shifts to the second person plural of the verb to die and adds the negative adverb "not" ( , l’ō). Eve misquotes God by using the plural form of the verb to die that Satan used and the deception and perversion of God’s Word began in the human race. Satan then allowed Eve’s imagination to run with this deception causing her to add to God’s command (neither shall you touch it). These deceptions led her to question and doubt God’s character and focus on the one thing God forbid. Thus Satan met his goal in spreading his first lie about God and his character to Adam and Eve. This is the same tactic and method he uses against us and has been using against mankind since that infamous day in the Garden of Eden. B. Clayton Bell sums up Satan’s two big lies when he says the following:

There are two big lies that Satan has been perpetrating since the Garden of Eden. The first is that God is mean, vindictive, a spoilsport whose main role in life is to keep us from being fulfilled and happy—when we step out of bounds, he takes delight in making us pay. The second lie is that God really doesn’t care what we do—probably doesn’t know. And if he does, his business is to forgive us. He’ll always forgive no matter what, so it really doesn’t make much difference how we live and what we believe.¹⁰

Satan’s Four Pronged Strategy for Perpetuating His Lies

First, he himself initiates and propagates his lies directly because that is who he is—a liar. It is his nature and he can do nothing else but lie. Every time he speaks, he lies.

You belong to your father, the devil, and you want to carry out your father’s desires. He was a murderer from the beginning, not holding to the truth, for there is no truth in him. When he lies, he speaks his native language, for he is a liar and the father of lies. (John 8:44 NIV)

The name Satan ( , Satan) means adversary or opponent and the name Devil ( , Diabolos) means slanderous. When the term Satan occurs with the article it refers to the chief adversary (Satan himself) and the term Diabolos with the article should be rendered the Devil (or Slanderer).¹¹ All of his lies are slanderous. Satan uses his lies to slander God, his Word and all who worship and follow him, as well as anyone seeking to do what is moral and right. Satan is very clever with his lies. He is the most cunning of all of God’s creatures. He knows just how much of a lie, falsehood, and slanderous statement he needs to tell in order to begin to sow seeds of doubt about God, his Word, morality, and sin. Satan lies about everything including sin and its consequences. He even spreads the lie that he does not exist!

Second, he uses others (demons, people, institutions, governments, cultures, junk science, and educational systems) as partners in disseminating his lies.¹²

The coming of the lawless one will be in accordance with how Satan works. He will use all sorts of displays of power through signs and wonders that serve the lie, and all the ways that wickedness deceives those who are perishing. They perish because they refused to love the truth and so be saved. (2 Thess. 2:9–10 NIV)

Satan will use everyone who has an attitude ranging from being indifferent about God to an outright hostility toward God in every organization and field of study. While distorting the truth in the physical world of nature, politics, education, and society is dangerous, distorting spiritual truth leads to devastating temporal and eternal consequences.

The third and fourth prongs are interconnected; with the fourth depending and building on the third. The third aspect of promoting his lies focuses on our sinful nature, which has a natural bent against God, righteousness, and morality. Unchecked, our sinful nature is ripe for not only believing his lies but also propagating them. We then become active participants in spreading his lies.

The Spirit clearly says that in later times some will abandon the faith and follow deceiving spirits and things taught by demons. Such teachings come through hypocritical liars, whose consciences have been seared as with a hot iron. (1 Tim. 4:1–2 NIV)

Fourth, he appeases our self-centeredness and self-righteousness causing us to become offended by God and his righteous standards in his Word.

For the time will come when people will not put up with sound doctrine. Instead, to suit their own desires, they will gather around them a great number of teachers to say what their itching ears want to hear. They will turn their ears away from the truth and turn aside to myths. (2 Tim. 4:3–4 NIV)

Satan tempted Adam and Eve to focus on themselves and the forbidden fruit, which resulted in them questioning God’s character and standards. So they set up their own standard of what was right and wrong—the exact opposite of what God set up and clearly communicated to them.

Because of our sinful nature and our tendency toward self-centeredness and self-righteousness, we are easily manipulated by Satan to force our standards of right and wrong on others as a means of validating and justifying our morality, ethics, and value system. This makes us easy prey to be manipulated by him to entice others to follow our errors—just as Eve did when she offered the fruit to Adam. Since Eve did not immediately feel the consequences of her sin, she believed that her decision and behavior were justified (God was holding back and I ate and am fine). Knowingly or unknowingly we also can become human surrogates to carry out Satan’s lies and schemes.

This attitude is reflected in a person I worked with when I was young who had several DWIs and still had a valid driver’s license! He continued to drink and drive and tried to justify his behavior by boasting that he had not been in an accident or killed anyone. I sarcastically retorted, Is that your goal?

The Operatives Satan Uses to Carry out His Lies and Schemes

The operatives Satan uses to carry out his lies and schemes can be divided into two categories: internal and external. Internal operatives carry out Satan’s lies and schemes within the church and religious organizations while external operatives carry out his lies and schemes outside the church.

The Internal Operatives

These operatives include false preachers and teachers who question, twist, malign, distort, or deny God’s Word by teaching false doctrines and philosophies. The Bible refers to these lies and false teachings as the doctrines of demons.

But if you harbor bitter envy and selfish ambition in your hearts, do not boast about it or deny the truth. Such wisdom does not come down from heaven but is earthly, unspiritual, demonic. But the Spirit explicitly says that in later times some will fall away from the faith, paying attention to deceitful spirits and doctrines of demons, by means of the hypocrisy of liars seared in their own conscience as with a branding iron. (James 3:14–15 NIV; 1 Tim. 4:1–2 NASB95)

These false teachings range from