Malcolm X: Another Side of the Movement

By Mark Davies

Born in Cardiff, Wales, Mark Davies graduated from Cambridge University, England, with a degree in social anthropology. Since then he has worked in theater, television, children’s publishing, and magazine publishing.  Malcolm X: The Struggle for Human Rights is his fourth book for a juvenile audience. The author is indebted to Al

• Language: English
• Publisher: Ebooks for Students, Ltd.
• Release date: Dec 18, 2015
• ISBN: 9780985034566

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MALCOLM X

Another Side Of The Movement

Mark Davies

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Washington, D.C.

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Copyright © 1990 by Mark Davies

Illustrations Copyright © 1990 by Glenn Wolff

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December, 2015 Washington, D.C. 

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Table of Contents

1. A BURNING HOUSE

2. WELFARE BOY

3. COUNTRY CAT

4. THE HARLEM HUSTLE

5. A STOLEN WATCH

6. THE MESSAGE OF ALLAH

7. SPREADING THE WORD

8. HARLEM AND MONTGOMERY

9. A COUNTRY AWAKENS

10. TRAPPED

11. LOCKED OUT

12. OMOWALE (THE SON WHO HAS COME HOME)

13. HUMAN RIGHTS, NOT CIVIL RIGHTS

14. BOMBS AND GUNS

15. EPILOGUE

SUGGESTED READING

SOURCES

INDEX

About the Author

Copyright

Dedication

These words are dedicated to the memory of Steven Biko

The author is indebted to Alex Haley and his book The Autobiography of Malcolm X for information regarding Malcolm X’s early years. He would also like to express his gratitude to Dr. Betty Shabazz, Sule Greg Wilson, Professor Aldon Morris, and Della Rowland, all of whose contributions and inspiration helped shape the book and enlighten the author.

Consultants: James Marion Gray, Ph.D., Teacher, Lincoln Park High School, Lincoln Park, Michigan; Catherine J. Lenix-Hooker, Deputy Chief, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library.

Copyright © 1990 by Mark Davies

Illustrations copyright © 1990 by Glenn Wolff

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Davies, Mark.

Malcolm X: another side of the movement / by Mark Davies

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Summary: A biography of the African American who led a movement to unite black people throughout the world.

1. X, Malcolm, 1925-1965—Juvenile literature. 2. Black Muslims—

Biography—Juvenile literature. 3. Afro-Americans—Biography—Juvenile literature.

[1. X, Malcolm, 1925-1965.    2. Afro-Americans—Biography.] I. Title.

II. Series.

Page_1_TimelinePage2page3_better_copypage4

1

A BURNING HOUSE

All of our lives we have been taught that we are inferior. When we were little and the white and the colored were to to play cowboys and Indians, who was Tom Mix and Buck Jones or the Lone Ranger? The Whites. Who were we? Tonto, his flunky. If were going to play shipwrecked, who was Robinson Crusoe? The Whites. Who was man Friday? Guess who.

MALCOLM X, from an FBI report on a speech he gave to his New York City temple in 1957.

I remember being suddenly snatched awake into a frightening confusion of pistol shots and shouting and smoke and flames. My father had shouted and shot at the two white men who had set [the] fire and were running away. Our home was burning down around us. We were lunging and bumping and tumbling all over each other trying to escape. My mother, with the baby in her arms, just made it into the yard before the house crashed in, showering sparks. I remember we were outside in the night in our underwear, crying and yelling our heads off. The white police and firemen came and stood around as the house burned down to the ground."

Malcolm Little (we know him as both Malcolm X and El Hajj Malik El Shabazz) was only four years old when his home was burned to the ground. It was no accident. Two people had come to the house in the middle of the night and had thrown burning torches through the windows. They didn't want the Little family to live in their neighborhood. They thought they could scare the family off by destroying their home.

Malcolm's family didn't know who had set fire to their home. His family probably had never met these people. They certainly hadn't done anything bad to make these people angry with them. But they did know this: the two men with torches were white, and the Little family was black. If they had been the same color, it would never have happened.

Malcolm was too young to understand why some whites hated blacks. He was too young to understand that some people get frightened by others just because they’re different. He was too young to understand how fear becomes hate. But that little boy who stood there, shivering and crying in the winter night, with his face lit up by the orange glow of the fire, would one day fight that hate as no one had ever done before.

Malcolm X’s story is about drugs, stealing, gambling, and guns. It’s about prison, pride, power, and hope. It’s about love and peace, hatred and violence. It’s about God and strength, the devil and weakness, Africa and Asia, Harlem and Mississippi. It’s about a new life, and a death that had no meaning. It’s about a man who died while trying to set his own people free.

Some people have always known who Malcolm X was and what he stood for. Others have never understood him because he was so many things. Malcolm was always growing and changing. He was always building new lives for himself, just like houses. Some of these houses were burned down. Others simply weren’t big enough for what Malcolm needed. So he left them and moved on. But if Malcolm created many different houses in his life, they were always built on the same things: anger about the way his people had been treated, the courage to talk about it, and the vision of freedom to lead and guide him.

That cold night back in 1929 had frightened Malcolm. But it came as no surprise to his mother and father. The Reverend Earl Little and his wife, Louise Little, had been through this sort of thing before. The last time was just before Malcolm was born. They were living in Omaha, Nebraska, and Rev. Earl Little was away from home. Some people riding horses with hoods covering their faces had galloped around the house smashing all the windows. Before they left, they had warned Mrs. Little to take her family out of town. They also told her to stop her husband from preaching among the good Negroes of Omaha.

Malcolm's father was a powerful-looking man—he was more than six feet tall. He was a Baptist minister who preached about freedom for black people and the rights of black people, he jumped and shouted in the pulpit—not just to spread the word of Jesus but also to spread the word off black pride. Rev. Earl Little felt it was time African Americans remembered that they were a great people. Many words have been used in the United States to describe blacks, or African Americans. Depending on how a word was used, it could be insulting or reflect pride. These words include Negro, colored, and people of color—as well as black and African American.

Slavery had caused many whites to think that blacks were like a sack of potatoes that could be sold and traded, and made to work for next to nothing. In 1865, slavery was made illegal in the part of the U.S. Constitution called the 13th Amendment. Even so, everyday life for black people didn’t change much. As far as Rev. Earl Little was concerned, most African Americans were still being treated as if they were slaves. He wanted to change this.

Many whites liked the way things were. Blacks worked hard for them, and they did so for very little money. They were used to treating African Americans as if they were inferior people. It would be difficult to change white people’s traditions and customs. It would be difficult to force them to accept African Americans as the human beings they were. Whites not only liked the way things were, they had thought up an entire system of rules to keep it that way. In the South, many of these rules were written down as city laws or laws of the state. These rules were known as the Jim Crow laws. They kept whites and blacks separated, or segregated. They helped to nourish the prejudice against African Americans—the idea that blacks aren’t as good as whites and should be treated differently. Blacks had to tip their hats to whites and call them sir and ma’am no matter how old they were. Even if a black man was 60 years old, he still had to call a white teenager sir. This made many African Americans angry. Every day a poison dripped into young black minds—a poison that gave black children a painful feeling that they weren’t as good as white children.

In the North, segregation was also a way of life. Unlike the South, though, this wasn’t a law that had been written down somewhere. It was just the custom or tradition.

In 1896, the Supreme Court only made things worse. In a case called Plessy v. Ferguson, the Court said that as long as schools, restaurants, or hospitals were equal it was legal to separate