Of Plymouth Plantation: Along with the Full Text of the Pilgrims' Journals for Their First Year at Plymouth.

By Caleb Johnson

From 1630 to 1651, William Bradford wrote a history of Plymouth, the very colony he helped to establish and govern. Never published in his lifetime, the handwritten manuscript was lost during the Revolutionary War, and was rediscovered and published for the first time in 1856. In this new edition, Caleb Johnson has added many valuable footnotes, and included many relevant photos and illustrations. Also included here with Bradford’s History is the complete text of the Pilgrims’ journals chronicling the first year at Plymouth. These exciting first-hand journals capture the day-by-day details of the explorations and adventures of the Pilgrims.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Xlibris US
• Release date: Jun 1, 2006
• ISBN: 9781462822386

Caleb Johnson

CALEB JOHNSON is the author of the novel Treeborne. He grew up in Arley, AL, studied journalism at The University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa and earned an MFA from the University of Wyoming. Johnson has worked as a newspaper reporter, a janitor and a whole-animal butcher, among other jobs. He has been awarded a Jentel Writing Residency and a Walter E. Dakin Fellowship in fiction to the Sewanee Writers' Conference. He lives with his wife, Irina, and their dog, Hugo, in Valle Crucis, NC, where he teaches at Appalachian State University while working on his next novel.

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Copyright © 2006 by Caleb H. Johnson.

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32564

To Athena

Preface

This is a brand new edition of Governor William Bradford’s classic history, Of Plymouth Plantation. The original handwritten manuscript is owned by the Massachusetts State Library in Boston. It was held by the Old South Church library in Boston for most of the 18th century, but the manuscript disappeared around the time of the Revolutionary War. It was rediscovered in 1855 in the Bishop of London’s Library at Fulham Palace, and the first published edition was made the following year. After much ado, the manuscript was eventually returned to the United States in 1897. The previous year, a limited edition facsimile of the handwritten manuscript was published in Boston by Ward and Downey, Ltd., with an introduction by John Doyle. In 1912, the Massachusetts Historical Society published the first scholarly edition, a two-volume set edited by Worthington C. Ford. The first popular edition of the work, with modernized spelling and grammar, was edited by Samuel Eliot Morison and published in 1952.

One might ask why a new edition of Bradford is needed. The reason is quite simple: an enormous amount of historical information on the Pilgrims and early Plymouth has been discovered in the past half-century, since the last edition of Bradford’s history was published. The popular Morison edition is oddly organized, taking Bradford’s letters out of their context within the History and relegating them to inconvenient appendices. And there are also known transcription errors in the edition, which are here fixed for the first time.

This is also the first edition of William Bradford’s history to also include the complete text of the Pilgrims’ journals of their first year at Plymouth, first published in London in 1622 under the title, A Relation or Journal of the Beginning and Proceedings of the English Plantation Settled at Plymouth in New England. The journal contains an enormous amount of day-to-day detail that is left out by Bradford because, as he notes, Many other smaller matters I omit, sundry of them having been already published in a journal made by one of the company; and some other passages of journeys and relations already published to which I refer those that are willing to know them more particularly.

In this edition, I have chosen to update the spelling to modern standards. So, for example, when Bradford writes But aboute midnight they heard a hideous, & great crie, and their sentinel caled arme arme . . ., I have changed this to But about midnight, they heard a hideous, and great cry, and their sentinel called ‘Arm, arm,’ . . . Unlike Morison, I have avoided making significant changes to punctuation and paragraphing, and I have not taken any of Bradford’s material out of order; instead, I have chosen to present Bradford’s history in the order that he wrote it. The appendices that I have included herein consist of supplementary material not included by Bradford.

I used the 1896 facsimile edition of Bradford’s handwritten manuscript to create my original draft, and then compared it against the Massachusetts Historical Society edition of 1912 to detect any mistakes or transcriptional discrepancies. My wife Anna then compared it to the 1952 Morison edition as a third check. In the case of any dispute, the facsimile of the handwritten manuscript was consulted again. I then went through and added footnotes. The edition that resulted was first printed in my self-published and now out-of-print 1173-page reference work, The Complete Works of the Mayflower Pilgrims (Vancouver, 2002). Since that time, I have reviewed the text yet again, made a few typographical corrections, updated and expanded the footnotes, and thus arrived at the present edition.

As an introduction to Bradford’s history, I have chosen to use Cotton Mather’s short biography of William Bradford, which he published in his 1702 book, Magnalia Christi Americana. It is the earliest biography of Bradford, written less than fifty years after his death. Following Bradford’s History, I have chosen to include the complete text of the journals written by the Pilgrims during their first year at Plymouth. These journals were compiled together and published in London in 1622 under the title, A Relation or Journal of the Beginning and Proceedings of the English Plantation Settled at Plymouth in New England. They provide a day-by-day accounting of events during the first year at Plymouth. Whereas Bradford in his history focuses more on the larger and more notable events of business, politics and religion, the journals read more like a travel log, and go into everything from mundane weather observations to more significant detailed descriptions of voyages, trading explorations, and interactions with the Indians.

I have also included two appendices. The first is simply a selection of supplementary documents that relate to material discussed in Bradford’s history. And the second appendix is a brief modern-day overview of what is known about each of the Mayflower passengers: home towns, ages, occupations, and any other brief tidbits that may be known about them. Those interested in more detailed biographies of the individual passengers should consult my book, The Mayflower and Her Passengers.

Acknowledgments

I would like to especially thank my wife Anna, who not only allowed me to steal a lot of time from her to work on this large project, but who also contributed greatly by helping me check and edit the material, and assisting with photography and image editing: all while pregnant with our daughter Athena.

Special thanks is due to artist Mike Haywood, who graciously allowed the use of his beautiful painting of the Mayflower, entitled Prosperous Wind, to be used on the cover.

Thanks is due also to Peggy Baker of the Pilgrim Hall Museum, for assisting me in locating many valuable photographs from the museum’s collections. These are the photos noted throughout the text as being from the Pilgrim Hall Museum in Plymouth, Massachusetts.

CONTENTS

Preface

Acknowledgments

Introduction

Of Plymouth Plantation

Book 1

I. And the first occasion, and inducements thereunto.

II.Of their departure into Holland and their troubles thereabout,with some of the many difficulties found and meth withal. Ano. 1608.

III.Of their settling in Holland, and their manner of living,and entertainment there

IV.Showing the reasons, and causes of their removal

V.Showing what means they used for preparation tothis weighty voyage.

VI.Concerning the agreements and articles between them,and such merchants and others as adventured moneys:with other things, falling out about making their provisions

VII.Of their departure from Leiden, and other things thereabout;with their arrival at Southampton where they all met together,and took in their provisions

VIII.Of the troubles that befell them on the coast and at sea,being forced, after much trouble to leave one of their ships,and some of their company behind them

IX.Of their voyage, and how they passed the sea;and of their safe arrival at Cape Cod

X.Showing how they sought out a place of habitation;and what befell them hereabout.

Of Plymouth Plantation: Book II

The Remainder of 1620

1621

1622

1623

1624

1625

1626

1627

1628

1629

1630

1631

1632

1633

1634

1635

1636

1637

1638

1639 and 1640

1641

1642

1643

1644

1645

1646

The names of those which came over first,

A

RELATION OR

Journal of the beginning and proceedings of the English Plantation settled at Plymouth in NEW ENGLAND, by certain English Adventurers both

Merchants and others.

To the Reader.

CERTAIN USEFUL

ADVERTISEMENTS SENT

in a Letter written by a discreet friend

unto the Planters in New England, at their first setting sail from Southampton, who earnestly desireth

the prosperity of that their new

Plantation.

To His Much Respected

Friend, Mr. J. P.³²⁰

A RELATION OR

JOURNAL OF THE

PROCEEDINGS OF THE

Plantation settled at Plymouth in

New ENGLAND.

A

JOURNEY TO POKANOKET

The Habitation of the Great King

M A S S A S O I T.

As also our Message, the

Answer and entertainment

we had of

H I M.

A

VOYAGE MADE BY TEN

of our Men to the Kingdom of

NAUSET, to seek a Boy that had

lost himself in the WOODS;

With such Accidents as

befell us in that

VOYAGE.

A

JOURNEY TO THE

Kingdom of NEMASKET

in defense of the Great King

MASSASOIT against the

Narragansetts, and to revenge

the supposed Death

of our Interpreter

Tisquantum.

A

RELATION OF OUR

Voyage to the MASSACHUSETTS,

And what happened there.

A

LETTER SENT FROM

New England to a friend in these parts,

setting forth a brief and true Declaration

of the worth of that Plantation;

As also certain useful Directions

for such as intend a VOYAGE

into those Parts.

Reasons and considerations touching

the lawfulness of removing out of

England into the parts of America.

Appendix I: Supplementary Documents

Seven Articles in Respect of

Going to Virginia, 1618

Pierce Patent of 1621

Deposition Relating to the

Pirating of the ship Fortune.³⁹⁷

Letter of William Bradford and

Isaac Allerton

8 September 1623

Division of Land at Plymouth (1623)

The Patent for Cape Anne, 1623

Division of Cattle at Plymouth (1627)

James Sherley’s

Plymouth Company Accounts, 1628

The Bradford Patent of 1629/1630

Deposition on the killing of Moses Talbot

by John Hocking in 1634,

in a dispute over Kennebec River trading rights.

Petition of Edward Winslow to the Lord’s Council, Written from Fleet Prison, London (1634)⁴⁰¹

Richard Andrews and John Beauchamp’s

Bill of Complaint,

with James Sherley’s Answer (1641)402

Appendix II: The Mayflower Passengers

The Mayflower P Appendix II assengers

Illustrations

John Leaf burned at the stake; St. Helens Church, Austerfield

William Bradford’s Hebrew practice

Thomas Cranmer burned at the stake

Scrooby manor

Title page of Pastor Robinson’s Justification of Separation

Jail cells in Boston, co. Lincolnshire, where Pilgrims were held

John Robinson’s request to settle in Leiden

Detailed street map of Leiden, 1600

Map of New England by John Smith, 1614

Psalms 107 from Henry Ainsworth’s psalter

Corn Hill, near Truro, Massachusetts

Mayflower Compact

Will of William Mullins who died the first winter at Plymouth, 1621

Seventeenth century tools

William Brewster’s copy of the Works of Seneca

Portrait of Myles Standish, 1625

Title page of Pastor Robinson’s Observations Divine and Moral

Remains of the "Sparrow-Hawk" shipwreck

Silver cup belonging to William Bradford

Portrait of Edward Winslow, 1651

Portrait of Massachusetts Bay Colony Gov. John Winthrop

Excerpt on Juniper from Dodoens’ New Herbal (1586)

Woodcut depicting English pikeman’s armor

Iron pot of Myles Standish

Cradle of Peregrine White

Town Brooke and Plymouth Rock

Beer tankard of Peter Browne

Woodcut of an English spaniel, or water dog

Chair of William Bradford

Gervase Markham, Whole Art of Fowling (1621)

Pierce Patent, 1621

Introduction

The life of William Bradford, Esq., Governor of Plymouth Colony.

Excerpt from Magnalia Christi Americana

By Cotton Mather (1702)

It has been a matter of some observation, that although Yorkshire be one of the largest shires in England; yet, for all the fires of martyrdom which were kindled in the days of Queen Mary, it afforded no more fuel than one poor Leaf, John Leaf, an apprentice, who suffered for the doctrine of the Reformation at the same time and stake with the famous John Bradford. But when the reign of Queen Elizabeth would not admit the Reformation of worship to proceed unto those degrees, which were proposed and pursued by no small number of the faithful in those days, Yorkshire was not the least of the shires in England that afforded suffering witnesses thereunto. The Churches there gathered were quickly molested with such a raging persecution, that if the spirit of separation in them did carry them unto a further extreme than it should have done, one blamable cause thereof will be found in the extremity of that persecution. Their troubles made that cold country too hot for them, so that they were under a necessity to seek a retreat in the Low Countries; and yet the watchful malice and fury of their adversaries rendered it almost impossible for them to find what they sought. For them to leave their native soil, their lands and their friends, and go into a strange place, where they must hear foreign language, and live meanly and hardly, and in other employments than that of husbandry, wherein they had been educated, these must needs have been such discouragements as could have been conquered by none, save those who sought first the kingdom of God, and the righteousness thereof. But that which would have made these discouragements the more unconquerable unto an ordinary faith, was the terrible zeal of their enemies to guard all ports, and search all ships, that none of them should be carried off. I will not relate the sad things of this kind then seen and felt by this peopleGod; but only exemplify those

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trials with one short story. Divers of this people having hired a Dutchman, then lying at Hull, to carry them over to Holland, he promised faithfully to take them in between Grimsby and Hull; but they coming to the place a day or two too soon, the appearance of such a multitude alarmed the officers of the town adjoining, who came with a great body of soldiers to seize upon them. Now it happened that one boat full of men had been carried abroad, while the women were yet in a bark that lay aground in a creek at low water. The Dutchman perceiving the storm that was thus beginning ashore, swore by the sacrament that he would stay no longer for any of them; and so taking the advantage of a fair wind then blowing, he put out to sea for Zealand. The women thus left near Grimly-common, bereaved of their husbands, who had been hurried from them, and forsaken of their neighbors, of whom none durst in this fright stay with them, were a very rueful spectacle; some crying for fear, some shaking for cold, all dragged by troops of armed and angry men from one Justice to another, till not knowing what to do with them, they even dismissed them to shift as well as they could for themselves. But by their singular afflictions, and by their Christian behaviors, the cause for which they exposed themselves did gain considerably. In the mean time, the men at sea found reason to be glad that their families were not with them, for they were surprised with an horrible tempest, which held them for fourteen days together, in seven whereof they saw not sun, moon or star, but were driven upon the coast of Norway. The mariners often despaired of life, and once with doleful shrieks gave over all, as thinking the vessel was foundered: but the vessel rose again, and when the mariners with sunk hearts often cried out, We sink! We sink! the passengers, without such distraction of mind, even while the water was running into their mouth and ears, would carefully shout, Yet, Lord, thou canst save! Yet, Lord, thou canst save! And the Lord accordingly brought them at last safe unto their desired haven: and not long after helped their distressed relations thither after them, where indeed they found upon almost all accounts a new world, but a world in which they found that they must live like strangers and pilgrims.

Among those devout people was our William Bradford, who was born Anno. 15881 , in an obscure village called Austerfield, where the people were as unacquainted with the Bible, as the Jews do seem to have been with part of it in the days of Josiah; a most ignorant and licentious people, and like unto their priest. Here, and in some places, he had a comfortable inheritance left of his honest parents, who died while he was yet a child2 , and cast him on the education, first of his grandparents, and then if his uncles, who devoted him, like his ancestors, unto the affairs of husbandry. Soon a long sickness kept him, as he would afterwards thankfully say, from the vanities of youth, and made him the fitter for what he was afterwards to undergo. When he was about a dozen year old, the reading of the Scriptures began to cause great impression upon him; and those impressions were assisted and improved, when he came to enjoy Mr. Richard Clyfton’s illuminating ministry, not far from his abode; he was then also further befriended, by being brought into the company and fellowship of such as were then called professors; though the young man that brought him into it did after become a profane and wicked apostate. Nor could the wrath of his uncles, nor the scoff of his neighbors, now turned upon him, as one of the Puritans, divert him from his pious inclinations.

At last, beholding how fearfully the evangelical and apostolical church from whereinto the churches of the primitive times were cast by the good spirit of God, had been deformed by the apostasy of the succeeding times; and what little progress the Reformation had yet made in many parts of Christendom towards its recovery, he set himself by reading, by discourse, by prayer, to learn whether it was not his duty to withdraw from the communion of the parish-assemblies, and engage with some society of the faithful, that should keep close unto the written word of God, as the rule of their worship. And after many distresses of mind concerning it, he took up a very deliberate and understanding resolution, of doing so; which resolution he cheerfully prosecuted, although the provoked rage of his friends tried all the ways imaginable to reclaim him from it, unto all whom his answer was:

Were I like to endanger my life, or consume my estate by any ungodly courses, your counsels to me were very seasonable; but you know that I have been diligent and provident in my calling, and not only desirous to augment what I have, but also to enjoy it in your company; to part from which will be as great a cross as can befall me, Nevertheless. To keep a good conscience, and walk in such a way as God has prescribed in his Word, is a thing which I must prefer before you all, and above life it self. Wherefore, since ‘tis for a good cause that I am like to suffer the disasters which you lay before me, you have no cause to be either angry with me, or sorry for me; yes, I am not only willing to part with everything that is dear to me in this world for this cause, but I am also thankful that God has given me an heart to do, and will accept me so to suffer for him.

Some lamented him, some derided him, all dissuaded him: nevertheless, the more they did it, the more fixed he was in his purpose to seek the ordinances of the gospel, where they should be dispensed with most of the commanded purity; and the sudden deaths of the chief relations which thus lay at him, quickly after convinced him what a folly it had been to have quitted his profession, in expectation of any satisfaction from them. So to Holland he attempted a removal.

Having with a great company of Christians hired a ship to transport them for Holland, the master perfidiously betrayed them into the hands of those persecutors, who rifled and ransacked their goods, and clapped their persons into prison at Boston, where they lay for a month together. But Mr. Bradford being a young man of about eighteen, was dismissed sooner than the rest, so that within a while he had opportunity with some others to get over to Zealand, through perils, both by land and sea not inconsiderable; where he was not long ashore ere a viper seized on his hand (that is, an officer) who carried him unto the magistrates, unto whom an envious passenger had accused him as having fled out of England. When the magistrates understood the true cause of his coming thither, they were well satisfied with him; and so he repaired joyfully unto his brethren at Amsterdam, where the difficulties to which he afterwards stooped in learning and serving a Frenchman at the working of silks, were abundantly compensated by the delight wherewith he sat under the shadow of our Lord, in his purely dispensed ordinances. At the end of two years, he did, being of age to do it, convert his estate in England into money; but setting up for himself, he found some of his designs by the providence of God frowned upon, which he judged a correction bestowed by God upon him for certain decays of internal piety, whereinto he had fallen; the consumption of his estate he thought came to prevent a consumption in his virtue. But after he had resided in Holland about half a score years, he was one of those who bore a part in that hazardous and generous enterprise of removing into New England, with part of the English church at Leiden, where, at their first landing, his dearest consort accidentally falling overboard, was drowned in the harbor; and the rest of his days were spent in the services, and the temptation, of that American wilderness.

Here was Mr. Bradford, in the year 1621, unanimously chosen the governor of the plantation: the difficulties whereof were such, that if he had not been a person of more than ordinary piety, wisdom and courage, he must have sunk under them. He had, with a laudable industry, been laying up a treasure of experiences, and he had now occasion to use it: indeed, nothing but an experienced man could have been suitable to the necessities of the people. The potent nations of the Indians, into whose country they were come, would have cut them off, if the blessing of God upon his conduct had not quelled them; and if his prudence, justice and moderation had not over-ruled them, they had been ruined by their own distempers. One specimen of his demeanor is to this day particularly spoken of. A company of young fellows that were newly arrived, were very unwilling to comply with the governor’s order for working abroad on the public account; and therefore on Christmas-day, when he had called upon them, they excused themselves, with a pretence that it was against their conscience to work such a day. The governor gave them no answer, only that he would spare them till they were better informed; but by and by found them all at play in the street, sporting themselves with various diversions; whereupon commanding the instruments of their games to be taken from them, he effectually gave them to understand, that it was against his conscience that they should play whilst other were at work: and this gentle reproof put a final stop to all such disorders for the future.

For two years together after the beginning of the colony, whereof he was now governor, the poor people had a great experiment of man’s not living by bread alone; for when they were left all together without one morsel of bread for many months one after another, still the good providence of God relieved them, and supplied them, and this for the most part out of the sea. In this low condition of affairs, there was no little exercise for the prudence and patience of the governor, who cheerfully bore his part in all: and, that industry might not flag, he quickly set himself to settle propriety among the new-planters; foreseeing that while the whole country labored upon a common stock, the husbandry and business of the plantation could not flourish, as Plato and others long since dreamed that it would, if a community were established. Certainly, if the spirit which dwelt in the old puritans, had not inspired these new-planters, they had sunk under the burden of these difficulties; but our Bradford had a double portion of that spirit.

The plantation was quickly thrown into a storm that almost overwhelmed it, by the unhappy action of a minister sent over from England by the adventures concerned for the plantation; but by the blessing of Heaven on the conduct of the governor, they weathered out that storm. Only the adventures hereupon breaking to pieces, threw up all their concernments with the infant-colony; whereof they gave this as one reason, That the planters dissembled with His Majesty and their friends in their petition, wherein they declared for a church-discipline, agreeing with the French and others of the reforming churches in Europe. Whereas ‘twas now urged, that they had admitted into their communion a person who at his admission utterly renounced the Churches of England, (which person, by the way, was that very man who had made the complaints against them,) and therefore, though they denied the name of Brownists, yet they were the thing. In answer hereunto, the very words written by the governor were these:

Whereas you tax us with dissembling about the French discipline, you do us wrong, for we both hold and practice the discipline of the French and other Reformed Churches (as they have published the same in the Harmony of Confessions) according to our means, in effect and substance. But whereas would tie up to the French discipline in every circumstance, you derogate from the liberty in Christ Jesus. The Apostle Paul would have none follow him in anything, but wherein he follows Christ; much less ought any Christian or church in the world to do it. The French may err, and other churches may err, and doubtless do it many circumstances. That honor therefore belongs only to the infallible word of God, and pure Testament of Christ, to be propounded and followed as the only rule and pattern for direction herein to all churches and Christians. And it is too great arrogancy for any man or church to think that he or they have so sounded the World of God unto the bottom, as precisely to set down the church’s discipline without error in substance or circumstance, that no other without blame may digress or differ in anything from the same. And it is not difficult to show that Reformed Churches differ in many circumstances among themselves.

By which words it appears how far he was free from that rigid spirit of separation, which broke to pieces the Separatists themselves in the Low Countries, unto the great scandal of the reforming churches. He was indeed a person of a well-tempered spirit, or else it had been scarce possible for him to have kept the affairs of Plymouth in so good a temper for thirty-seven years together; in every one of which he was chosen their governor, except the three years wherein Mr. Winslow, and the two years wherein Mr. Prince, at the choice of the people, took a turn with him.

The leader of a people in a wildness had need be a Moses; and if a Moses had not led the people of Plymouth Colony, when this worthy person was their governor, the people had never with so much unanimity and importunity still called to lead them. Among many instances thereof, let this one piece of self-denial be told for a memorial; of him, wheresoever this History shall be considered: The Patent of the Colony was taken in his name, running in these terms: To William Bradford, his heirs, associates, and assigns. But when the number of the freemen was much increased, and many new townships erected, the General Court there desired of Mr. Bradford, that he would make a surrender of the same into their hands, which he willingly and presently assented unto, and confirmed it according to their desire by his hand and seal, reserving no more for himself than was his proportion, with others, by agreement. But as he found the providence of Heaven many ways recompensing his many acts of self-denial, so he gave this testimony to the faithfulness of the divine promises: That he had forsaken friends, houses and lands for the sake of the gospel, and the Lord gave them him again. Here he prospered in his estate; and besides a worthy son which he had by a former wife, he had also two sons and a daughter by another, whom he married in this land.

He was a person for study as well as action: and hence, notwithstanding the difficulties through which he passed in his youth, he attained unto a notable skill in languages: the Dutch tongue he could also manage; the Latin and the Greek he had mastered; but the Hebrew he most of all studied, Because, he said, He would see with his own eyes the ancient oracles of God in their native beauty. He was also well skilled in History, in Antiquity, and in Philosophy; and for Theology he became so versed in it, that he was an irrefragable disputant against the errors, especially those of Anabaptism, which with trouble he saw rising in his colony; wherefore he wrote some significant things for the confutation of those errors. But the crown of all was his holy, prayerful, watchful, and fruitful walk with God, wherein he was very exemplary.

At length he fell into an indisposition of body, which rendered him unhealthy for a whole winter; and as the spring advanced, his health yet more declined; yet he felt himself not what he could counted sick, till one day; in the night after which, the God of heaven so filled his mind with ineffable consolations, that he seemed little short of Paul, rapt up unto the unutterable entertainments of Paradise. The next morning he told his friends, That the good Spirit of God had given him a pledge of his happiness in another world, and the first-fruit of his eternal glory and on the day following he died, May 9, 1657, in the 69th year of his age, lamented by all the colonies of New England, as common blessing and father to them all.

Of Plymouth Plantation

Book 1

I.

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It is well known unto the godly, and judicious, how ever since the first breaking out of the light of the gospel, in our honorable nation of England (which was the first of nations, whom the Lord adorned therewith, after the gross darkness of popery which had covered and overspread the Christian world) what wars, and oppositions ever since Satan hath raised, maintained, and continued against the saints, from time, to time, in one sort, or other. Sometimes by bloody death and cruel torments, other whiles imprisonments, banishments, and other hard usages: as being loath his kingdom should go down, the truth prevail; and the churches of God revert to their ancient purity; and recover their primitive order, liberty, and beauty. But when he could not prevail by these means, against the main truths of the gospel, but that they began to take rooting in many places; being watered with the blood of the martyrs and blessed from Heaven with a gracious increase. He then began to take him to his ancient stratagems, used of old against the first Christians: that when by the bloody, and barbarous persecutions of the heathen emperors, he could not stop, and subvert the course of the gospel; but that it speedily overspread, with a wonderful celerity, the then best known parts of the world. He then began to ow errors, heresies, and wonderful dissensions amongst the professors themselves (working upon their pride, and ambition, with other corrupt passions, incident to all mortal men; yea to

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William Bradford practicing his Hebrew on a preliminary page of his History.

the saints themselves in some measure) by which woeful effects followed; as not only bitter contentions, and heartburnings, schisms, with other horrible confusions: but Satan took occasion and advantage thereby to foist in a number of vile ceremonies, with many unprofitable canons, and decrees which have since been as snares, to many poor, and peaceable souls, even to this day. So as in the ancient times, the persecutions by the heathen, and their emperors, was not greater than of the Christians one against other. 3 The Arians, and other their complices, against the orthodox and true Christians. As witnesseth Socrates in his second book.4 His words are these:

The violence truly (saith he) was no less than that of old, practiced towards the Christians when they were compelled and drawn to sacrifice to idols; for many endured sundry kinds of torment, often rackings, and dismembering of their joints; confiscating of their goods; some bereaved of their native soil; others departed this life under the hands of the tormentor, and some died in banishment, and never saw their country again, etc.

The like method Satan hath seemed to hold in these later times, since the truth began to spring and spread after the great defection made by Antichrist that man of sin. For to let pass the infinite examples in sundry nations, and several places of the world, and instance in our own: when as that old serpent could not prevail by those fiery flames, and other his cruel tragedies which he (by his instruments) put in ure, everywhere in the days of Queen Mary5 , and before. He then began another kind of war, and went more closely to work, not only to oppugn, but even to ruinate and destroy the kingdom of Christ, by more secret and subtle means: by kindling the flames of contention, and sowing the seeds of discord, and bitter enmity amongst the professors (and seeming reformed) themselves. For when he could not prevail (by the former means) against the principal doctrines of faith, he bent his force against the holy discipline, and outward regiment of the kingdom of Christ, by which those holy doctrines should be conserved, and true piety maintained amongst the saints, and people of God.

Mr. Foxe recordeth6 , how that besides those worthy martyrs and confessors which were burned in Queen Mary’s days and otherwise tormented many (both students, and others) fled out of the land to the number of 800. And became several congregations: at Wesel, Frankfort, Basel, Emden, Markpurge, Strasbourg, and Geneva, etc. Amongst whom (but especially those at Frankfort) began that bitter war of contention, and persecution about the ceremonies7 , and service-book8 , and other popish and antichristian

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Archbishop Thomas Cranmer being burned at the stake at Oxford, on 21 March 1556, during the reign of Queen Mary. His grandnephew, George Cranmer, was a co-worker of Mayflower passenger William Brewster when they worked for Secretary of State William Davison under Queen Elizabeth I. Woodcut from John Foxe’s Acts and Monuments (London, 1576).

stuff: the plague of England to this day, (which are like the high places in Israel, which the prophets cried out against, and were their ruin). Which the better part sought (according to the purity of the gospel) to root out, and utterly to abandon. And the other part (under veiled pretences) for their own ends, and advancements, sought as stiffly, to continue, maintain, and defend: as appeareth by the discourse thereof published in print, Anno. 1575: (a book that deserves better to be known, and considered).9

The one side labored to have the right worship of God, and discipline of Christ, established in the church, according to the simplicity of the gospel: without the mixture of men’s inventions; and to have and to be ruled by the laws of God’s Word, dispensed in those offices, and by those officers of Pastors, Teachers, and Elders, etc. according to the Scriptures.10 The other party (though under many colors, and pretences) endeavored to have the Episcopal dignity (after the popish manner) with their large power, and jurisdiction still retained; with all those courts, canons, and ceremonies, together with all such livings, revenues, and subordinate officers, with other such means, as formerly upheld their antichristian greatness, and enabled them with lordly, and tyrannous power, to persecute the poor servants of God. This contention was so great, as neither the honor of God, the common persecution; nor the mediation of Mr. Calvin11 , and other worthies of the Lord, in those places could prevail with those thus Episcopally-minded; but they proceeded by all means to disturb the peace of this poor persecuted church: even so far as to charge (very unjustly, and ungodlily; yet prelate-like) some of their chief opposers, with rebellion, and high treason against the Emperor, and other such crimes.

And this contention died not with Queen Mary, nor was left beyond the seas, but at her death these people returning into England under gracious Queen Elizabeth12 , many of them being preferred to bishoprics, and other promotions, according to their aims, and desires: that inveterate hatred against the holy discipline of Christ in His church hath continued to this day: insomuch that for fear it should prevail, all plots, and devices have been used to keep it out, incensing the Queen, and State against it as dangerous for the commonwealth; and that it was most needful that the fundamental points of religion should be preached in those ignorant, and superstitious times; and to win the weak and ignorant they might retain divers harmless ceremonies, and though it were to be wished that divers things were reformed, yet this was not a season for it. And many the like to stop the mouths of the more godly, to bring them on to yield to one ceremony after another, and one corruption after another; by these wiles beguiling some, and corrupting others till at length they began to persecute all the zealous professors in the land (though they knew little what this discipline meant) both by word, and deed, if they would not submit to their ceremonies, and become slaves to them, and their popish trash, which have no ground in the Word of God, but are relics of that man of sin. And the more the light of the gospel grew, the more they urged their subscriptions to these corruptions. So as (notwithstanding all their former pretences, and fair colors) they whose eyes God had not justly blinded, might easily see whereto these things tended. And to cast contempt the more upon the sincere servants of God, they opprobriously, and most injuriously, gave unto, and imposed upon them, that name of Puritans; which is said the Novatians (out of pride) did assume and take unto themselves13 : and lamentable it is to see the effects which have followed; religion hath been disgraced, the godly grieved, afflicted, persecuted, and many exiled, sundry have lost their lives in prisons, and other ways. On the other hand, sin hath been countenanced; ignorance, profaneness, and atheism increased, and the papists encouraged to hope again for a day.

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This made that holy man Mr. Perkins14 cry out in his exhortation to repentance, upon Zeph. 2: Religion (saith he) hath been amongst us this 35 years; but the more it is published, the more it is contemned, and reproached of many, etc.: thus not profaneness, nor wickedness, but religion itself is a byword, a mockingstock; and a matter of reproach; so that in England at this day, the man, or woman that begins to profess religion, and to serve God, must resolve with himself to sustain mocks, and injuries even as though he lived amongst the enemies of religion. And this common experience hath confirmed, and made too apparent.

But that I may come more near my intendment: when as by the travail, and diligence of some godly, and zealous preachers, and God’s blessing on their labors; as in other places of the land, so in the North parts, many became enlightened by the Word of God; and had their ignorance and sins discovered unto them, and began by His grace to reform their lives, and make conscience of their ways. The work of God was no sooner manifest in them; but presently they were both scoffed, and scorned by the profane multitude, and the ministers urged with the yoke of subscription, or else must be silenced: and the poor people were so vexed with apparitors, and pursuants, and the commissary courts, as truly their affliction was not small15 ; which notwithstanding they bore sundry years with much patience, till they were occasioned (by the continuance, and increase of these troubles, and other means which the Lord raised up in those days) to see further into things by the light of the Word of God. How not only these base and beggarly ceremonies were unlawful; but also that the lordly, and tyrannous power of the prelates, ought not to be submitted unto; which thus (contrary to the freedom of the gospel) would load and burden men’s consciences; and by their compulsive power make a profane mixture of persons, and things in the worship of God. And that their office, and callings; courts, and canons, etc. were unlawful, and antichristian; being such as have no warrant in the Word of God; but the same that were used in popery, and still retained. Of which a famous author thus writeth in his Dutch commentaries16:

At the coming of King James¹⁷ into England: the new king (saith he) found there established the reformed religion, according to the reformed religion of King Edward the 6, retaining, or keeping still the spiritual state of the bishops, etc.: after the old manner, much varying, and differing from the reformed churches, in Scotland, France, and the Netherlands, Emden, Geneva, etc., whose reformation is cut, or shapen much nearer the first Christian churches, as it was used in the Apostles’ times.¹⁸

So many therefore (of these professors) as saw the evil of these things (in these parts) and whose hearts the Lord had touched with heavenly zeal for His truth; they shook off this yoke of antichristian bondage: and as the Lord’s free people, joined themselves (by a covenant of the Lord) into a church estate, in the fellowship of the gospel to walk in all His ways, made known, or to be made known unto them (according to their best endeavors) whatsoever it should cost them, the Lord assisting them: and that it cost them something this ensuing history will declare.

These people became 2 distinct bodies, or churches; and in regard of distance of place did congregate severally; for they were of sundry towns and villages, some in Nottinghamshire, some of Lincolnshire and some of Yorkshire, where they border nearest together. In one of these churches (besides others of note) was Mr. John Smith19, a man of able gifts, and a good preacher; who afterwards was chosen their pastor. But these afterwards falling into some errors in the Low Countries, there (for the most part) buried themselves, and their names.

But in this other church (which must be the subject of our discourse) besides other worthy men, was Mr. Richard Clyfton20 a grave and reverend preacher; who by his pains and diligence had done much good, and under God had been a means of the conversion of many: and also that famous and worthy man Mr. John Robinson21 , who afterwards was their pastor for many yeas, till the Lord took him away by death. Also Mr. William Brewster22 a reverend man, who afterwards was chosen an elder of the church and lived with them till old age.

But after these things they could not long continue in any peaceable condition; but were hunted, and persecuted on every side, so as their former

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Scrooby Manor, as it appeared in the late 19th century. This is where the Separatist congregation held many of their secret meetings in 1606 and 1607. William Brewster was receiver, bailiff, and postmaster of Scrooby Manor, which then belonged to the Archbishop of York.

afflictions were but as flea-bitings in comparison of these which now came upon them: for some were taken, and clapped up in prison, others had their houses beset and watched night and day, and hardly escaped their hands; and the most were fain to flee, and leave their houses and habitations, and the means of their livelihood. Yet these and many other sharper things which afterward befell them, were no other than they looked for, and therefore were the better prepared to bear them by the assistance of God’s Grace and Spirit: yet seeing themselves thus molested, and that there was no hope of their continuance there, by a joint consent they resolved to go into the Low Countries where they heard was freedom of religion for all men; as also how sundry from London, and other parts of the land had been exiled, and persecuted for the same cause, and were gone thither, and lived at Amsterdam, and in other places of the land. So after they had continued together about a year, and kept their meetings every Sabbath in on place, or other, exercising the worship of God amongst themselves, notwithstanding all the diligence and malice of their adversaries; they seeing they could no longer continue in that condition, they resolved to get over into Holland as they could; which was in the year 1607 and 1608: of which more at large in the next chapter.

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II.

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Being thus constrained to leave their native soil and country, their lands and livings, and all their friends, and familiar acquaintance, it was much; and thought marvelous by many: but to go into a country they knew not (but by hearsay) where they must learn a new language, and get their livings they knew not how, it being a dear place, and subject to the miseries of war, it was by many thought an adventure almost desperate, a case intolerable, and a misery worse than death. Especially seeing they were not acquainted with trades, nor traffic (by which that country doth subsist) but had only been used to a plain country life, and the innocent trade of husbandry. But these things did not dismay them (though they did sometimes trouble them) for their desires were set on the ways of God, and to enjoy His ordinances, but they rested on His providence, and knew whom they had believed. Yet this was not all, for though they could not stay, yet were they not suffered to go, but the ports and havens were shut against them; so as they were fain to seek secret means of conveyance, and to bribe, and fee the mariners, and give extraordinary rates for their passages. And yet were they oftentimes betrayed (many of them) and both they, and their goods intercepted and surprised, and thereby put to great trouble, and charge, of which I will give an instance, or two, and omit the rest.

There was a large company of them purposed to get passage at Boston in Lincolnshire, and for that end, had hired a ship wholly to themselves; and made agreement with the master to be ready at a certain day, and take them, and their goods in, at a convenient place, where they accordingly would all attend in readiness: so after long waiting, and large expenses (though he kept not day with them) yet he came at length, and took them in, in the night. But when he had them, and their goods aboard; he betrayed them having beforehand complotted with the searchers and other officers so to do; who took them, and put them into open boats, and there rifled and ransacked them, searching them to their shirts for money, yea even the women further than became modesty; and then carried them back into the town, and made them a spectacle, and wonder to the multitude; which came flocking on all sides to behold them. Being thus first, by these catchpoll officers, rifled and stripped of their money, books, and much other goods, they were presented to the magistrates and messengers sent to inform the Lords of the Council of them; and so they were committed to ward. Indeed the magistrates used them courteously, and showed them what favor they could; but could not deliver them, till order came from the Council table. But the issue was that after a month’s imprisonment, the greatest part were dismissed, and sent to the places from whence they came, but 7 of the principal were still kept in prison, and bound over to the assizes.

The next spring after, there was another attempt made by some of these and others, to get over at another place. And it so fell out, that they light of a Dutchman at Hull, having a ship of his own belonging to Zealand; they made agreement with him, and acquainted him with their condition, hoping to find more faithfulness in him, than in the former of their own nation; he bade them not fear, for he would do well enough. He was (by appointment) to take them in between Grimsby, and Hull, where was a large common a good way distant from any town; now against the prefixed time, the women, and children, with the goods, were sent to the place in a small bark, which they had hired for that end; and the men were to meet them by land. But it so fell out that they were there a day before the ship came, and the sea being rough, and the women very sick prevailed with the seamen to put into a creek hard by, where they lay on ground at low water. The next morning the ship came, but they were fast, and could not stir until about noon; in the meantime (the shipmaster, perceiving how the matter was) sent his boat, to be getting the men aboard whom he saw ready, walking about the shore. But after the first boatful was got aboard, and she was ready to go for more, the master espied a great company (both horse and foot), with bills, and guns, and other weapons (for the country was raised to take them). The Dutchman seeing that, swore (hiscountry’s oath) sacrament; and having the wind fair weighed his anchor, hoisted sails and away. But the poor men which were got aboard, were in great distress for their wives, and children, which they saw thus to be taken, and were left destitute of their helps; and themselves also, not having a cloth to shift them with, more than they had on their backs, and

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The jail cells and kitchen in Boston, co. Lincolnshire, as they appear in a late 19th century photograph. This is where some of the Pilgrims were likely held following their arrest in 1608.

some scarce a penny about them, all they had being aboard the bark. It drew tears from their eyes, and anything they had, they would have given to have been ashore again; but all in vain, there was no remedy, they must thus sadly part. And afterward endured a fearful storm at sea, being 14 days or more before they arrived at their port; in 7 whereof they neither saw sun, moon nor stars, and were driven near the coast of Norway; the mariners themselves often despairing of life; and once with shrieks and cries, gave over all, as if the ship had been foundered in the sea, and they sinking without recovery. But when man’s hope, and help wholly failed, the Lord’s power, and mercy appeared in their recovery; for the ship rose again, and gave the mariners courage again to manage her. And if modesty would suffer me, I might declare with what fervent prayers they cried unto the Lord in this great distress (especially some of them) even without any great distraction when the water ran into their mouths, and ears; and the mariners cried out, We sink, we sink they cried (if not with miraculous, yet with a great height or degree of divine faith), yet Lord thou canst save; yet Lord thou canst save; with such other expressions as I will forbear. Upon which the ship did not only recover, but shortly after the violence of the storm began to abate; and the Lord filled their afflicted minds with such comforts as everyone cannot understand. And in the end brought them to their desired haven, where the people came flocking admiring their deliverance; the storm having been so long, and sore in which much hurt had been done, as the master’s friends related unto him in their congratulations.

But to return to the others where we left; the rest of the men that were in greatest danger, made shift to escape away before the troop could surprise them; those only staying that best might be assistant unto the women. But pitiful it was to see the heavy case of these poor women in this distress; what weeping, and crying on every side, some for their husbands, that were carried away in the ship as is before related; others not knowing what should become of them, and their little ones; others again melted in tears, seeing their poor little ones hanging about them, crying for fear, and quaking with cold. Being thus apprehended, they were hurried from one place to another, and from one justice to another; till in the end they knew not what to do with them: for to imprison so many women and innocent children, for no other cause (many of them) but that they must go with their husbands; seemed to be unreasonable and all would cry out of them; and to send them home again was as difficult, for they alleged (as the truth was) they had no homes to go to, for they had either sold or otherwise disposed of their houses, and livings. To be short, after they had been thus turmoiled a good while; and conveyed from one constable to another, they were glad to be rid of them in the end upon any terms; for all were wearied, and tired with them. Though in the meantime they, (poor souls) endured misery enough; and thus in the end necessity forced a way for them.

But that I be not tedious in these things, I will omit the rest, though I might relate many other notable passages, and troubles which they endured, and underwent in these their wanderings, and travels both at land, and sea23 ; but I haste to other things: yet I may not omit the fruit that came hereby, for by these so public troubles, in so many eminent places, their cause became famous, and occasioned many to look into the same; and their godly carriage and Christian behavior was such, as left a deep impression in the minds of many. And thugh some few shrunk at these first conflicts, and sharp beginnings (as it was no marvel) yet many more came on with fresh courage, and greatly animated others. And in the end notwithstanding all these storms of opposition, they all got over at length, some at one time, and some at another; and some in one place, and some in another. And met together again according to their desires, with no small rejoicing.

III

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Being now come into the Low Countries, they saw many goodly and fortified cities, strongly walled, and guarded with troops of armed men; also they heard a strange, and uncouth language, and beheld the different manners, and customs of the people, with their strange fashions, and attires; all so far differing from that of their plain country villages (wherein they were bred, and had so long lived) as it seemed they were come into a new world. But these were not the things, they much looked on, or long took up their thoughts; for they had other work in hand, and another kind of war to wage, and maintain: for though they saw fair, and beautiful cities, flowing with abundance of all sorts of wealth, and riches, yet it was not long before they saw the grim, and grisly face of poverty coming upon them like an armed man; with whom they must buckle; and encounter; and from whom they could not fly; but they were armed with faith, and patience against him, and all his encounters; and though they were sometimes foiled, yet by God’s assistance they prevailed, and got the victory.

Now when Mr. Robinson, Mr. Brewster and other principal members were come over (for they were of the last and stayed to help the weakest over before them) such things were thought on as were necessary for their settling, and best ordering of the church affairs. And when they had lived at Amsterdam about a year, Mr. Robinson (their pastor) and some others of best discerning, seeing how Mr. John Smith and his company, was already fallen into contention with the church that was there before them; and no means they could use would do any good to cure the same, and also that the flames of contention were like to break out in that ancient church itself (as afterwards lamentably came to pass) which things they prudently foreseeing, thought it was best to remove; before they were any way engaged with the same. Though they well knew it would be much to the prejudice of their outward estates; both at present, and in likelihood in the future; as indeed it proved to be.

For these and some other reasons they removed to Leiden24 , a fair, and beautiful city, and of a sweet situation, but made more famous by the university wherewith it is adorned, in which (of late) had been so many learned men; but wanting that traffic by sea which Amsterdam enjoys, it was not so beneficial for their outward means of living, and estates. But being now here pitched they fell to such trades, and employments as they best could; valuing peace, and their spiritual comfort above any other riches whatsoever. And at length they came to raise a competent, and comfortable living, but with hard and continual labor.

Being thus settled (after many difficulties) they continued many years, in a comfortable condition; enjoying much sweet, and delightful society, and spiritual comfort together in the ways of God; under the able ministry, and prudent government of Mr. John Robinson, and Mr. William Brewster who was an assistant unto him in the place of an Elder, unto which he was now called, and chosen by the church. So as they grew in knowledge, and other gifts, and graces of the Spirit of God; and lived together in peace, and love, and holiness; and many came unto them, from divers parts of England, so as they grew a great congregation.25 And if at any time any differences arose, or offenses broke out (as it cannot be, but some time there will, even amongst the best of men) they were ever so met with, and nipped in the head betimes; or otherwise so well composed, as still love, peace, and communion was continued. Or else th church purged off those that were incurable, and incorrigible; when after much patience used no

Reviews for Of Plymouth Plantation

[patito7de7hule · Rating: 5 out of 5 stars]

This is a print of an historically significant manuscript. For those interested in the history of the Plymouth Colony, it is a very important primary source.

[boundtogetherforgood · Rating: 3 out of 5 stars]

B O R I N GThis story is one that should be SO exciting and, man, can he put you to sleep. I was very disappointed. Nonetheless, it packs the history into its pages.