Summary Of "Industrial Revolution In England, Europe & The USA" By María Inés Barbero: UNIVERSITY SUMMARIES

By MAURICIO ENRIQUE FAU

Why did the Industrial Revolution begin and have its maximum expression in England and not in other countries? Why did the Industrial Revolution take place in England in the 18th century and not in France or Holland, countries with a similar structure? Some authors tried to give an EXPLANATION OF THE RELATIVE BACKGROUND OF THE FRENCH INDUSTRY. Thus, authors such as Sawyer and Landes, argue that the cause was the more conservative and aristocratic mentality of French businessmen, compared to the British. This would explain why French companies were mostly small and familiar, and not very modern and competitive. This interpretation has been widely criticized, among other things because it is not possible to attribute to the "mentality" of certain social groups what happened in the productive structure of a country. Some also say that, in reality, French industry had these characteristics because it was what was convenient for it at the time, having low costs and risks and investing low capital. The reader will find this type of debate in this extremely interesting text.

• Language: English
• Publisher: BOOKS AND SUMMARIES BY MAURICIO FAU
• Release date: Nov 16, 2021
• ISBN: 9798201550387

MAURICIO ENRIQUE FAU

Mauricio Enrique Fau nació en Buenos Aires en 1965. Se recibió de Licenciado en Ciencia Política en la Universidad de Buenos Aires. Cursó también Derecho en la UBA y Periodismo en la Universidad de Morón. Realizó estudios en FLACSO Argentina. Docente de la UBA y AUTOR DE MÁS DE 3.000 RESÚMENES de Psicología, Sociología, Ciencia Política, Antropología, Derecho, Historia, Epistemología, Lógica, Filosofía, Economía, Semiología, Educación y demás disciplinas de las Ciencias Sociales. Desde 2005 dirige La Bisagra Editorial, especializada en técnicas de estudio y materiales que facilitan la transición desde la escuela secundaria a la universidad. Por intermedio de La Bisagra publicó 38 libros. Participa en diversas ferias del libro, entre ellas la Feria Internacional del Libro de Buenos Aires y la FIL Guadalajara.

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Summary Of Industrial Revolution In England, Europe & The USA By María Inés Barbero

UNIVERSITY SUMMARIES

MAURICIO ENRIQUE FAU

Published by BOOKS AND SUMMARIES BY MAURICIO FAU, 2021.

While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein.

SUMMARY OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN ENGLAND, EUROPE & THE USA BY MARÍA INÉS BARBERO

First edition. November 16, 2021.

Copyright © 2021 MAURICIO ENRIQUE FAU.

ISBN: 979-8201550387

Written by MAURICIO ENRIQUE FAU.

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Title Page

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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN ENGLAND, EUROPE & THE USA: A COMPARISON | Why England?

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Further Reading: Summary Of Enclosure, Power, Knowledge And Technology In Foucault, Marx & Durkheim By Paiva, Molina & Tuero

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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN ENGLAND, EUROPE & THE USA: A COMPARISON

Why England?

Now, a key question arises: why did the Industrial Revolution begin and have its maximum expression in England and not in other countries? Let's see what interpretations there are in this regard.

Various authors - Eric Jones, for example - do not believe that the English case differs too much from other European countries, many of which have been making small advances since the Middle Ages, helped by political changes and a cultural environment prone to trade, production and private property.

There are authors, such as the aforementioned Landes, who argue that the initial impulse of capitalist industrial development would have been given by property rights, business and scientific inventiveness, the action of nation-states, technological advance, the manipulation of nature. , etc.

At the same time, Landes dismisses the role played by imperialism in all this. However, it seems to us that none of the variables mentioned above could have developed so much without the capitalist-imperialist policy promoted by the powers of the moment. Thus, for example, commercial growth cannot be conceived without the plundering of the colonies. And the examples could go on.

It is true, however, that some factors helped Europe to industrialize; for example, European geography aided in the formation of states, with their particular richness and variety of climates, lands, and terrains.

While Paul Bairoch lists religion, political structure, population growth, international trade, urbanization, entrepreneurial mindset and colonization as factors of industrial development, he ultimately takes four of them.

BAIROCH: KEY FACTORS OF EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

• GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS (LOCATION, CLIMATE AND ABUNDANT ENERGY)

• FORMATION AND / OR CONSOLIDATION OF THE NATIONAL STATES (FACILITATED THE COMMERCIAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT)

• MENTALITY OPEN TO CHANGES

• SMALL CITIES

The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain

The question that many have asked is why did the Industrial Revolution occur in England in the 18th century and not in France or Holland, countries with a similar structure? There are those who respond that it was the first to have sufficient economic growth.

Dynamics of the industrialization process

The population

As we saw before, the INCREASE OF THE POPULATION in previous times, generated increases in prices. As there was no capacity to increase food production, famines, diseases and deaths occurred, causing a further decline in the population.

In the last decades of the seventeenth century, there was a population increase in England caused by higher fertility, more marriages and less mortality, which in turn were made possible by the improvement in socio-economic conditions.

The latter refuted the theories of ROBERT MALTHUS, who argued that food always grew arithmetically (1, 2, 3, 4 ...) and population geometrically (1, 2, 4, 8 ...) and, therefore The only ways that there would be enough food was for many people to die from war or disease, or for the birth rate to be limited. Transformations in agriculture ended the problem.

Changes in agriculture

English agriculture underwent profound transformations in the 18th century, when the technical innovations introduced greatly increased productivity.

ENGLAND: MAIN TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION OF THE 17TH AND 18TH CENTURIES

• New crops

• Elimination of fallow

• Installation of stables to feed livestock 

• More and better cattle  more and better compost 

• Increase in cereal production

• Crop rotation

• Use of better seeds, tools and animal husbandry systems

• Appearance of the iron plow and, in 1700, of the first seeders

BAIROCH RAISES THAT WITH THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION THE LACK OF COMPLEMENTATION BETWEEN AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK FARMING COULD BE OVERCOME

However, not all analysts agree that it was an agricultural revolution, arguing that the changes were gradual.

Enclosure laws

Another fundamental change was the DISAPPEARANCE OF THE OPEN FIELDS SYSTEM, in force during the Middle Ages, and its replacement by the FORMATION OF LARGE PROPERTIES, based on the ENCLOSURE LAWS (which forced to fence the lands) sanctioned in the middle of the 18th century, under pressure from those large landowners who wanted to take advantage of rising grain prices, population growth and urbanization.

The new system DAMAGED THE PEASANTS WHO WERE SMALL OWNERS, who had to sell their fields to the large owners. Despite what some analysts maintain, they did not always introduce technical innovations in agriculture. Many times, they did not even get to work the appropriate lands.

THE PEASANTS, BY LOSING THEIR LAND, WERE FORCED TO RENT LAND OR TO WORK AS SALARIANS OF THE CITY AND THE COUNTRYSIDE

AN INCREASE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION DUE TO THE INCREASE IN CULTIVATED AREA AND GREATER SOCIAL INEQUALITY WERE THE CONSEQUENCE OF THIS PROCESS OF CONCENTRATION OF LAND OWNERSHIP

THIS INCREASE IN PRODUCTION was also related to the