Acts: A Commentary

By Carl R. Holladay

Highly respected scholar Carl R. Holladay offers an in-depth critical commentary on the book of Acts in this new work from the acclaimed New Testament Library series. Holladay offers a theological, contextual, and literary interpretation, paying attention to Acts as a rich narrative that accounts for the development of the early Christian church. He sees Luke's literary style as an expression of its theological purpose. Holladay writes, "Convinced that Jesus' life and death and the emergence of the early Christian movement occurred under divine guidance and continued the biblical story by fulfilling God's ancient promises, Luke decided to incorporate them into a grandly conceived narrative told in a dignified yet dramatic style. Acts reflects the close relationship between medium and message, yet it also illustrates how the medium is the message." Holladay's commentary is theologically rich and steeped in narrative analysis that understands the high level of literary style as an expression of the theological content and the telling of the Christian origin.

The New Testament Library series offers authoritative commentary on every book and major aspect of the New Testament, providing fresh translations based on the best available ancient manuscripts, critical portrayals of the historical world in which the books were created, careful attention to their literary design, and a theologically perceptive exposition of the biblical text. The contributors are scholars of international standing. The editorial board consists of C. Clifton Black, Princeton Theological Seminary; M. Eugene Boring, Brite Divinity School; and John T. Carroll, Union Presbyterian Seminary.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Westminster John Knox Press
• Release date: Aug 1, 2016
• ISBN: 9781611646764

Carl R. Holladay

Carl R. Holladay is Charles Howard Candler Professor Emeritus of New Testament at Candler School of Theology, Emory University. He is the author of Introduction to the New Testament: Reference Edition, and Acts: A Commentary in the New Testament Library series.

Book preview

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ACTS

THE NEW TESTAMENT LIBRARY

Editorial Advisory Board

C. CLIFTON BLACK

M. EUGENE BORING

JOHN T. CARROLL

Carl R. Holladay

A Commentary

© 2016 Carl R. Holladay

First edition

Published by Westminster John Knox Press

Louisville, Kentucky

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25—10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information, address Westminster John Knox Press, 100 Witherspoon Street, Louisville, Kentucky 40202-1396. Or contact us online at www.wjkbooks.com.

Unless otherwise indicated, Scripture quotations outside Acts are from the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible, copyright © 1989 by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A., and are used by permission. Translations of Acts are by the author unless otherwise noted.

Material from Nestle-Aland, Novum Testamentum Graece, 28th ed., is used herein with the permission of Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft.

Book design by Jennifer K. Cox

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Holladay, Carl R., author.

Title: Acts : a commentary / Carl R. Holladay.

Description: First edition. | Louisville, KY : Westminster John Knox Press, 2016. | Series: The New Testament library

Identifiers: LCCN 2016013579 | ISBN 9780664221195 (hbk. : alk. paper) |

ISBN 9780664262815 (pbk. : alk. paper)

Subjects: LCSH: Bible. Acts—Commentaries.

Classification: LCC BS2625.53 .H65 2016 | DDC 226.607/7—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016013579

The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992.

Most Westminster John Knox Press books are available at special quantity discounts when purchased in bulk by corporations, organizations, and special-interest groups. For more information, please e-mail [e-mail].

For

Kate and Matthew

CONTENTS

List of Tables and Charts

Preface

Abbreviations

Ancient Sources

Journals, Reference Works, Series, Versions

Bibliography

Other Reference Works

Commentaries on Acts

Monographs and Articles

Introduction

Authorship

Date

Genre

Diēgēsis

Acts—Praxis and Praxeis

What Kind of History?

The Textual History of Acts

Manuscripts and Textual Witnesses Relating to Acts

Papyri

Majuscules

Minuscules

Chronological List of Acts Manuscripts (Third through Sixteenth Century)

Versions

Patristic Witnesses

Four Textual Groups

Textual Group A

Textual Group B

Textual Group C

Textual Group D

Codex Bezae (D) and the D-Text Tradition

Theories about the Two Textual Traditions of Acts

Literary Structure

Literary Style as an Expression of Theological Purpose

Biblicism

Speeches

Other Features: Summaries, Episodes, Travel, Itineraries, Journeys

Major Themes

Fulfillment of God’s Purpose

Faithful Christian Witness

The Church as Politically Harmless and Socially Redemptive

The Church as the Extension of Jesus’s Ministry

The Church as Divinely Favored

Narrative Unity of Luke-Acts

Continuity of Themes

Literary Connections

COMMENTARY

Index of Scripture and Other Ancient Sources

Index of Subjects and Authors

LIST OF TABLES AND CHARTS

1.Manuscripts and Textual Witnesses Relating to Acts (from Nestle-Aland, 28th ed.)

Papyri

Majuscules

Minuscules

Chronological List of Acts Manuscripts (Third through Sixteenth Century)

Versions

Patristic Witnesses

2.Table of Nations (Acts 2) and Zodiac Signs

3.Saul’s Conversion/Call in Acts

4.Paul’s Sermon at Pisidian Antioch (Acts 13:16–41)

PREFACE

One of the most vivid memories of my youth is studying the book of Acts in my hometown church—the Church of Christ in Huntingdon, Tennessee. In many ways, Acts was the canon within the canon for my church and for other Stone-Campbell churches that emerged from the nineteenth-century American religious tradition known as the Restoration Movement. Besides reporting numerous cases of conversion that served as models for aspiring followers of Jesus, Acts was full of excitement. Not only did we read the adventures of Paul’s three missionary journeys, but we also memorized the details about them—the cities he visited, what took place in each location, and even the distances traveled. Little did I know that readers, for centuries, had thoroughly enjoyed Paul’s voyage to Rome—the chase scene in Acts—for its climactic sense of adventure just as we did. The drama of Paul’s trials also stuck with us as did the many other memorable characters that populated the narrative. Who could ever forget the conspiratorial couple Ananias and Sapphira? Or the soothing exhorter Barnabas? Or the first Christian martyr, Stephen? Or the map of the Mediterranean world found in church classrooms? In an article I once wrote for the American Turkish Friendship Council in Atlanta, I observed that, growing up in West Tennessee, I was far more familiar with the geography of Anatolia than some parts of the American Midwest. For me, Minneapolis, Detroit, and Chicago were cities located in some formless geographical mass, but Ephesus, Pisidian Antioch, Iconium, Lystra, and Derbe were specific locations in my mental map of the world. They were familiar to me in ways that many American towns were not.

These memories are even richer because many of them are associated with my father, Ben R. Holladay, an elder of the church and perennial favorite as a Bible class teacher. I can still see and hear him teaching Sunday and Wednesday night classes on the book of Acts. I was as riveted by his confident, informed, and easy teaching style as others were, and like all brilliant teachers, he knew and observed the two great commandments of good teaching: Tell the truth, and make it interesting.

It is no surprise, then, that once I decided to study for the ministry, Acts would continue to occupy me. At Freed-Hardeman College, located fifty miles from my hometown, one of my first courses was on Acts, taught by Frank Van Dyke, a mesmerizing teacher who had just the right mix of humor and seriousness yet who was an extraordinarily gifted preacher as well. One of the first books I purchased in college was J. W. McGarvey’s commentary on Acts. As my studies progressed, I soon purchased McGarvey’s more advanced Acts commentary. I still have them both and consulted them occasionally in writing this commentary.

In the early 1960s I had no idea that much of my professional life would be preoccupied with the study of Acts. Through many unexpected opportunities, I have been able to participate in scholarly seminars on Acts and consult with colleagues at universities in which I have taught (Yale and Emory) and in my two main professional societies, the Society of Biblical Literature and the Society for New Testament Studies. Over the years at Emory, one of my regular PhD seminars has been devoted to Acts, and out of this seminar have come several dissertations that were later published in scholarly monograph series. From the many students who have participated in these seminars, I have learned much, and my debt to them is reflected in numerous footnotes in this commentary.

In the New Testament Library, authors are asked to provide their own interpretation of the text rather than rehearse various scholarly views on each exegetical issue. But no responsible commentator can ignore the broader scholarly conversation. Some mention of dialogue partners is inevitable, even if kept to a minimum. In my exposition readers will see heavy dependence on basic reference works—lexica, encyclopedias, dictionaries—all evidence, I hope, of my efforts to craft a translation that is both fresh and idiomatic and yet based on sound philology, lexicography, and grammar. In writing the commentary, I have regularly consulted—and often worked carefully through—Kirsopp Lake and Henry J. Cadbury’s commentary in the classic five-volume Beginnings of Christianity (BegC). Though produced almost a century ago, this work remains foundational and referential, in spite of numerous archaeological discoveries, along with significant advances in papyrology and epigraphy, that have occurred since then. Readers will also recognize how much I have learned from other Luke-Acts specialists, whom I have tried to acknowledge in the notes.

With the completion of this commentary comes the end of an intensive period of concentrated study on Acts. In many ways my exegetical notes and comments are comparable to Philo of Alexandria’s Questions and Answers on Genesis and Exodus, two works in which he laid the exegetical groundwork for his more famous Allegorical Commentary. I now have a better sense of what is required to move from these exegetical scribblings to a grander, bolder synthesis, but one eventually realizes how high the bar has been set by the likes of Haenchen, Conzelmann, and Schneider, to mention some of the most prominent German commentators; by Dupont and Marguerat in French; and by Bruce, Barrett, and Pervo in the English-speaking world. Perhaps in another lifetime!

I have accumulated many debts in writing this commentary. My Emory colleagues have been wonderful conversation partners, beginning with Hendrikus Boers and John Hayes, both of blessed memory. Essentially a theologian, Hendrik pressed all of us to pursue questions of meaning, as he himself did so passionately. Early on, John, who generously invited me to coauthor Biblical Exegesis: A Beginner’s Handbook, pointed me to the article he coauthored with Jürgen Roloff in Abingdon’s Dictionary of Biblical Interpretation, in which they noted the seminal influence of the English Deists as critical readers of Acts. And speaking of critical readers, Steve Kraftchick, my ever-constant scholarly dialogue partner, has listened to me talk about the commentary countless times, always pushing me to think more deeply and write more clearly. My other Emory New Testament colleagues Luke Johnson, Vernon Robbins, Walter Wilson, and Susan Hylen have also been generative conversation partners in many different settings. A word of thanks also to Eldon Epp and Juan Hernandez, with whom I consulted about the textual history of Acts.

Several students deserve mention. I am grateful to three Candler students—Tyler Dunstan, David Basham, and Zane McGee—for their editorial assistance and proofreading. Emory doctoral students have also lent their valuable assistance. Devin White assisted in working through the translation, offering insightful suggestions to sharpen my often-clumsy attempts to capture the nuance of a Lukan phrase; he also assisted with other editorial matters. In a directed study in textual criticism, Jarrett Knight helped me work through and refine the section on the textual history of Acts in the introduction.

I also owe special thanks to Gene Boring, my supervising editor for this project. His careful reading of my manuscript, along with his marginal arrows noting numerous simple and sometimes silly mistakes, also offering insightful exegetical suggestions, saved me from numerous errors. I am also grateful for his detailed e-mails in which he made substantive suggestions and gently urged me to conform to WJK’s stylistic protocols, that doing so sooner rather than later would be in my best interest. I have also benefited greatly from the generous editorial assistance of Dan Braden, Bridgett Green, and others at Westminster John Knox Press who helped bring the manuscript to its final form. Since the first publication of Biblical Exegesis by John Knox Press in 1983, I have benefited enormously from my relationship with this distinguished press, and I am delighted to renew these ties once again.

As always, finishing a project of this scope requires being absent even when one is ostensibly present, as DJ well knows, and to her I am deeply grateful.

ABBREVIATIONS

Ancient Sources

Abbreviations of titles of ancient sources conform mostly to The SBL Handbook of Style for Biblical Studies and Related Disciplines, 2nd ed. (Atlanta: SBL Press, 2014). This applies mainly to the OT, NT, apocryphal, deuterocanonical, rabbinic, Josephus, and patristic writings. Abbreviations of English titles for other writings are included in the following list. Only abbreviated titles are included here.

Journals, Reference Works, Series, Versions

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Other Reference Works

Note: Also see Abbreviations: Journals, Reference Works, Series, Versions (above)

Barrett, C. K. 1989. The New Testament Background. See NTB.

Behr, Charles Allison, ed. 1981. Aelius Aristides: The Complete Works. 2 vols. Leiden: Brill.

Boring, M. Eugene, Klaus Berger, and Carsten Colpe. 1995. Hellenistic Commentary to the New Testament. Nashville: Abingdon.

Butts, James. 1986. Progymnasmata of Theon: A New Text with Translation and Commentary. PhD diss., Claremont Graduate School.

Campbell, Brian. 1994. The Roman Army, 31 BC–AD 337: A Sourcebook. London: Routledge. Repr., 2003.

Dana, Harvey Eugene, and Julius R. Mantey. 1927. A Manual Grammar of the Greek New Testament. New York: Macmillan.

Danby, Herbert, trans. 1933. The Mishnah. London: Oxford University Press.

Dillon, John, and Jackson Hershbell, eds. 1991. Iamblichus: On the Pythagorean Way of Life; Text, Translation, and Notes. SBLTT 29. Graeco-Roman Religion Series 11. Atlanta: Scholars Press.

Elliott, James Keith. 1993. The Apocryphal New Testament: A Collection of Apocryphal Christian Literature in an English Translation Based on M. R. James. Oxford: Clarendon.

Ferguson, Everett. 2003. Backgrounds of Early Christianity. 3rd ed. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans.

Fraser, P. M. 1972. Ptolemaic Alexandria. 3 vols. Oxford: Clarendon. Repr., 2001.

Grenfell, Bernard P., and Arthur S. Hunt. 1898–. The Oxyrhynchus Papyri. London: Egypt Exploration Fund.

Harland, Philip. 2014. Greco-Roman Associations. Vol. 2, North Coast of the Black Sea, Asia Minor: Texts, Translations, and Commentary. BZNW 204. Berlin: de Gruyter.

Hennecke, Edgar, and Wilhelm Schneemelcher. 1963. New Testament Apocrypha. Translated by Robert McL. Wilson. 2 vols. London: Lutterworth.

Holladay, Carl R. 1983. Fragments from Hellenistic Jewish Authors. Vol. 1, Historians. SBLTT 20. Pseudepigrapha 10. Chico, CA: Scholars Press.

———. 1989. Fragments from Hellenistic Jewish Authors. Vol. 2, Poets. SBLTT 30. Pseudepigrapha 12. Atlanta: Scholars Press.

———. 1995. Fragments from Hellenistic Jewish Authors. Vol. 3, Aristobulus. SBLTT 39. Pseudepigrapha 13. Atlanta: Scholars Press.

———. 1996. Fragments from Hellenistic Jewish Authors. Vol. 4, Orphica. SBLTT 40. Pseudepigrapha 14. Atlanta: Scholars Press.

Horbury, William, W. D. Davies, and John Sturdy, eds. 1999. The Cambridge History of Judaism. Vol. 3, The Early Roman Period. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Johnson, Allan Chester, Paul Robinson Coleman-Norton, and Frank Card Bourne. 1961. Ancient Roman Statutes. Corpus of Roman Law 2. Austin: University of Texas.

Jones, A. H. M. 1971. The Cities of the Eastern Roman Provinces. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon.

Katz, Steven T., ed. 2006. The Cambridge History of Judaism. Vol. 4, The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kennedy, George A. 2003. Progymnasmata: Greek Textbooks of Prose Composition and Rhetoric. WGRW 10. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature.

Kirk, G. S., and J. E. Raven. 2010. The Presocratic Philosophers: A Critical History with a Selection of Texts. Edited by M. Schofield. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Klauck, Hans-Josef. 2003. The Religious Context of Early Christianity: A Guide to Graeco-Roman Religions. Translated by Brian McNeil. SNTW. Minneapolis: Fortress.

Kloppenborg, John S., and Richard S. Ascough. 2011. Greco-Roman Associations. Vol. 1, Attica, Central Greece, Macedonia, Thrace: Texts, Translations, and Commentary. BZNW 181. Berlin: de Gruyter.

Lausberg, Heinrich. 1998. Handbook of Literary Rhetoric: A Foundation for Literary Study. Edited by D. E. Orton and R. D. Anderson. Translated by M. T. Bliss, A. Jansen, and D. E. Orton. Leiden: Brill.

Lawlor, Hugh J., and John E. L. Oulton, eds. 1954. Eusebius: Ecclesiastical History. 2 vols. London: SPCK.

Levine, Lee I. 2000. The Ancient Synagogue: The First Thousand Years. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Lewis, Naphtali, and Meyer Reinhold. 1990. Roman Civilization: Selected Readings. 3rd ed. 2 vols. New York: Columbia University Press.

Louw, Johannes P., and Eugene A Nida, eds. 1989. Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament: Based on Semantic Domains. 2nd ed. 2 vols. New York: United Bible Societies.

Malherbe, Abraham J. 1977. The Cynic Epistles: A Study Edition. SBLSBS 12. Missoula, MT: Scholars Press (for Society of Biblical Literature).

Metzger, Bruce M. 1971. A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament. New York: United Bible Societies.

———. 1998. A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament. 2nd ed., 2nd printing. Stuttgart: Deutsche Biblegesellschaft and United Bible Societies.

Minns, Denis, and Paul Parvis, eds. 2009. Justin, Philosopher and Martyr: Apologies. OECT. New York: Oxford University Press.

Mommsen, Theodor, and Paul Krueger, eds. 1985. The Digest of Justinian. Translated by Alan Watson. 4 vols. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Moore, George Foot. 1927–30. Judaism in the First Centuries of the Christian Era: The Age of the Tannaim. 3 vols. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Repr., 1966–67.

Moule, C. F. D. 1959a. An Idiom Book of New Testament Greek. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Moulton, James Hope. 1908. A Grammar of New Testament Greek. Vol. 1, Prolegomena. 3rd ed. Edinburgh: T&T Clark.

Moulton, James Hope, and Wilbert Francis Howard. 1929. A Grammar of New Testament Greek. Vol. 2, Accidence and Word-Formation. Edinburgh: T&T Clark.

Moulton, James Hope, Wilbert Francis Howard, and Nigel Turner. 1908. A Grammar of New Testament Greek. 4 vols. 3rd ed. Edinburgh: T&T Clark.

Moulton, James Hope, and George Milligan. 1952. The Vocabulary of the Greek Testament: Illustrated from the Papyri and Other Non-Literary Sources. London: Hodder & Stoughton.

Moulton, W. F., and A. S. Geden, eds. 1963. A Concordance to the Greek Testament. 4th ed. Edinburgh: T&T Clark. Orig., 1897.

Murphy-O’Connor, Jerome. 2008. St. Paul’s Ephesus: Texts and Archaeology. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press.

Neusner, Jacob, trans. 1988. The Mishnah: A New Translation. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Nock, Arthur Darby. 1972. Essays on Religion and the Ancient World. Edited by Zeph Stewart. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon.

Rahlfs, Alfred, and Robert Hanhart, eds. 2006. Septuaginta: Vetus Testamentum graece iuxta LXX interpretes. 2 vols. in 1. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft.

Runesson, Anders, Donald D. Binder, and Birger Olsson, eds. 2008. The Ancient Synagogue from Its Origins to 200 C.E.: A Source Book. AJEC 72. Leiden: Brill.

Safrai, Shemuel, and M. Stern. 1974–76. The Jewish People in the First Century: Historical Geography, Political History, Social, Cultural and Religious Life and Institutions. 2 vols. CRINT 1. Assen/Maastricht: Van Gorcum.

Schürer, Emil. 1973–87. The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (175 B.C.–A.D. 135). Edited by Géza Vermès, Matthew Black, and Martin Goodman. 3 vols. in 4 parts. Edinburgh: T&T Clark.

Smallwood, E. Mary. 1976. The Jews under Roman Rule: From Pompey to Diocletian. SJLA 20. Leiden: Brill.

Smyth, Herbert Weir. 1920. Greek Grammar. Revised by Gordon M. Messing. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1984.

Stern, Menahem, ed. 1974–84. Greek and Latin Authors on Jews and Judaism. 3 vols. Jerusalem: Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities.

Talbert, Richard J. A., ed. 2000. Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Thom, Johan C. 2005. Cleanthes’ Hymn to Zeus: Text, Translation, and Commentary. STAC 33. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.

Turner, Nigel. 1963. A Grammar of New Testament Greek. Vol. 3, Syntax. Edited by James Hope Moulton. Edinburgh: T&T Clark.

———. 1976. A Grammar of New Testament Greek. Vol. 4, Style. Edited by James Hope Moulton. Edinburgh: T&T Clark.

Wachsmuth, Curt, and Otto Hense, eds. 1999. Stobaeus Anthologium. 5 vols. Zurich: Weidmann.

Wankel, H., and H. Engelmann, eds. 1979–84. Die Inschriften von Ephesos. 8 vols. Bonn: Rudolf Habelt.

Wettstein, Joannis Jacobus. 1751–52. Novum Testamentum Graecum. 2 vols. Amsterdam: Dommer. Repr., Graz: Akademische Druck & Verlagsanstalt, 1962.

Commentaries on Acts

Barrett, C. K. 1994–98. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles. 2 vols. ICC. Edinburgh: T&T Clark.

———. 2002. The Acts of the Apostles: A Shorter Commentary. Edinburgh: T&T Clark.

Bauernfeind, Otto. 1980. Kommentar und Studien zur Apostelgeschichte. Edited by Volker Metelmann. WUNT 22. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck.

Beyer, Hermann W. 1959. Die Apostelgeschichte. 9th ed. NTD 5. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.

Blass, Friedrich. 1895. Acta Apostolorum sive Lucae ad Theophilum Liber Alter. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.

Bruce, F. F. 1988. The Book of the Acts. Rev. ed. NICNT. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans.

———. 1990. The Acts of the Apostles: The Greek Text with Introduction and Commentary. 3rd rev. and enl. ed. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans.

Cadbury, Henry J. See BegC; and in the next section, see Cadbury.

Calvin, John. 1965–66. The Acts of the Apostles. Translated by John W. Fraser and W. J. G. McDonald. 2 vols. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. Orig., 1552–54.

Clark, Albert C. 1933. The Acts of the Apostles: A Critical Edition with Introduction and Notes on Selected Passages. Oxford: Clarendon.

Conzelmann, Hans. 1987. Acts of the Apostles: A Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles. Edited by Eldon Jay Epp and Christopher R. Matthews. Translated by James Limburg, A. Thomas Kraabel, and Donald H. Juel. Hermeneia. Philadelphia: Fortress Press.

Drewermann, Eugen. 2011. Die Apostelgeschichte: Wege zur Menschlichkeit. Ostfildern: Patmos.

Dunn, James D. G. 1996. The Acts of the Apostles. Narrative Commentaries. Valley Forge, PA: Trinity Press International.

Dupont, Jacques. 1964. Les Actes des Apôtres. 3rd ed. La sainte Bible. Paris: Éditions du Cerf.

Eckey, Wilfried. 2000. Die Apostelgeschichte: Der Weg des Evangeliums von Jerusalem nach Rom. 2 vols. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener.

Fitzmyer, Joseph A. 1998. The Acts of the Apostles. AB 31. New York: Doubleday.

Gaventa, Beverly Roberts. 2003. The Acts of the Apostles. ANTC. Nashville: Abingdon.

Haenchen, Ernst. 1971. The Acts of the Apostles: A Commentary. Translated by Bernard Noble, Gerald Shinn, Hugh Anderson, and R. McL. Wilson. Philadelphia: Westminster.

Holladay, Carl R. 2000. Commentary on Acts. Pages 987–1024 in HarperCollins Bible Commentary. Edited by James L. Mays with The Society of Biblical Literature. Rev. ed. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco. Orig., 1988.

Jacquier, Eugène. 1926. Les Actes des Apôtres. 2nd ed. ÉBib. Paris: J. Gabalda.

Jervell, Jacob. 1998. Die Apostelgeschichte. 17th ed. KEK. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.

Johnson, Luke Timothy. 2006. The Acts of the Apostles. SP 5. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press.

Keener, Craig S. 2012–15. Acts: An Exegetical Commentary. 4 vols. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic.

Kurz, William S. 2013. Acts of the Apostles. CCSS. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic.

Lake, Kirsopp, and Henry J. Cadbury. 1933. Vol. 4 of BegC: The Acts of the Apostles: English Translation and Commentary.

Loisy, Alfred F. 1925. Les Actes des Apôtres: Traduction nouvelle avec introduction et notes. Paris: F. Rieder.

Lüdemann, Gerd. 1989. Early Christianity according to the Traditions in Acts: A Commentary. Translated by John Bowden. London: SCM.

Malina, Bruce J., and John J. Pilch. 2008. Social-Science Commentary on the Book of Acts. SSC. Minneapolis: Fortress.

Marguerat, Daniel. 2007–15. Les Actes des Apôtres. 2 vols. CNT 5a–b. Geneva: Labor & Fides.

Munck, Johannes. 1967. The Acts of the Apostles. AB 31. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.

Mussner, Franz. 1999. Apostelgeschichte. 4th ed. NEBNT 5. Würzburg: Echter.

Pervo, Richard I. 2009a. Acts: A Commentary. Hermeneia. Minneapolis: Fortress.

Pesch, Rudolf. 1995–2003. Die Apostelgeschichte. 2 vols. 2nd ed. EKKNT. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag.

Peterson, David G. 2009. The Acts of the Apostles. PNTC. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans.

Roloff, Jürgen. 2010. Die Apostelgeschichte. 19th ed. = 3rd ed. of new version. NTD 5. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 1st ed. of new version, 1988.

Schille, Gottfried. 1989. Die Apostelgeschichte des Lukas. 3rd ed. of the new version. THKNT 5. Berlin: Evangelische Verlagsanstalt.

Schmithals, Walter. 1982. Die Apostelgeschichte des Lukas. ZBK 3/2. Zurich: Theologischer Verlag.

Schneider, Gerhard. 1980. Die Apostelgeschichte. 2 vols. HThKNT 5/1–2. Freiburg: Herder.

Stählin, Gustav. 1962. Die Apostelgeschichte. 10th ed. 1st ed. of new version. NTD 5. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.

Steinmann, Alphons A. 1934. Die Apostelgeschichte. HSNT 4. Bonn: Hanstein.

Talbert, Charles H. 1997. Reading Acts: A Literary and Theological Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles. RNTS. New York: Crossroad.

Taylor, Justin. 1994–2000. Les Actes des deux Apôtres. Vols. 4–6 in Commentaire historique. ÉBib, NS, 23, 30, 41. Paris: Gabalda.

Wall, Robert W. 2002. The Acts of the Apostles: Introduction, Commentary, and Reflections. Pages 3–368 in vol. 10 of The New Interpreter’s Bible. Edited by Leander E. Keck. Nashville: Abingdon.

Weiser, Alfons. 1981. Die Apostelgeschichte. 2 vols. ÖTK 5/1–2. Gütersloh: Mohn.

Wendt, Hans Hinrich. 1913. Die Apostelgeschichte. 9th ed. KEK 3. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.

Wikenhauser, Alfred. 1961. Die Apostelgeschichte. 4th ed. RNT 5. Regensburg: F. Pustet.

Witherington, Ben. 1997. The Acts of the Apostles: A Socio-Rhetorical Commentary. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans.

Zahn, Theodor. 1921. Die Apostelgeschichte des Lucas. 2 vols. KNT 5. Leipzig: Deichert.

Zmijewski, Josef. 1994. Die Apostelgeschichte. RNT. Regensburg: F. Pustet.

Monographs and Articles

Aland, Kurt, and Barbara Aland. 1989. The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism. Translated by Erroll Rhodes. 2nd ed., rev. and enl. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans.

Aland, Kurt, Gerd Mink, Annette Benduhn-Mertz, Klaus Witte, and Horst Bachmann. 1993. Text und Textwert der griechischen Handschriften des Neuen Testaments. Vol. 3, Die Apostelgeschichte. 2 vols. ANTF 20–21. Berlin: de Gruyter.

Alexander, Loveday. 1993. The Preface to Luke’s Gospel: Literary Convention and Social Context in Luke 1.1–4 and Acts 1.1. SNTSMS 78. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

———. 1995a. ‘In Journeyings Often’: Voyaging in the Acts of the Apostles and in Greek Romance. Repr. as pp. 69–96 in L. Alexander 2005.

———. 1995b. Narrative Maps: Reflections on the Toponomy of Acts. Repr. as pp. 97–132 in L. Alexander 2005.

———. 1999. Reading Luke-Acts from Back to Front. Repr. as pp. 207–29 in L. Alexander 2005.

———. 2005. Acts in Its Ancient Literary Context: A Classicist Looks at the Acts of the Apostles. LNTS 298. London: T&T Clark.

Alexander, Philip S. 1986. Incantations and Books of Magic. Pages 342–79 in Schürer 1973–87, vol. 3.1.

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