Psychosocial Analysis of the Pandemic and Its Aftermath: Hoping for a Magical Undoing

By Bruno Boccara

This manifesto is motivated by the daunting psychosocial issues that were so strikingly revealed by the Covid-19 pandemic. Of particular interest is the collective denial of facts, which resulted in public health policy mistakes and fostered distrust. In hindsight, this could have been prevented. Boccara shows how the core psychosocial response to the pandemic observed in most countries turned out to be wishing for it to either magically go away, as if it had never happened or be dealt with in an effortless way. Magical thinking and, as a consequence denying reality, often prevailed. As such, the psychosocial dynamics deepened the denial even further as several countries ended-up deciding to “live with the virus”. Yet, deliberately choosing endemicity of the coronavirus may lead to insurmountable challenges. Humanity is, therefore, truly finding itself at a turning point. Boccara argues that successfully facing systemic challenges ahead will require societies to systematically take into account ways in which psychosocial dynamics -particularly those operating at the societal unconscious level- impact public policy and societal level dialogue. By this, we mean understanding how mental representations and fantasies, shared anxieties, and social defenses mobilized against those anxieties impact the society; in other words how nations function as social systems. There has probably never been a more critical time than now for societies worldwide to approach critical decisions from a psychosocial perspective. Failing to do so could lead to psychosocial tipping points whereas the world as whole would increasingly mobilized regressed defenses that would make it impossible for societies to manage such challenges.

There comes a time when ideas potentially capable of profoundly changing the world must be brought to the centers of decision making. That time is now upon us.

• Language: English
• Publisher: RowmanLittlefield
• Release date: Oct 4, 2022
• ISBN: 9780761873570

Book preview

Preface

An essential aim of this book is to advocate for a systematic and embedded psychosocial and systems dynamics approach to public policy and country dialogue. Without this, countries, and indeed any global initiatives to face threats to humanity, will continue to be plagued by destructive, unconsciously held viewpoints, biases, ill-informed prejudices and defensive dynamics that get played out, and rationalized as consciously held policies that often become ultimately destructive. The approach adopted throughout this book, that calls for a worldwide psychosocial renewal, is that of a psychosocial analysis from a systems dynamics (or general equilibrium) perspective. This implies taking into account both societal level unconscious and conscious dynamics. See, Armstrong and Rustin (2004). These dynamics include:

Mental representations of various groups in a society;

Unconscious fantasies (wishes, perceptions of others and/or of the society, including its cultural heritage);

Psychosocial shocks that may impact a society (a pandemic would be one of those);

Anxieties, and more generally the psychosocial environment in which societal interactions between various groups take place; and

Collective defenses, known as social defenses, mobilized by various groups in response to the anxieties.

This conveys the sense in which the word psychosocial is used. The approach behind the thinking underpinning this book builds upon the rich experience and theory of systems dynamics applied to organizations; a vibrant field of study that owes its theoretical underpinnings to British Object Relations Theory. See, Long (2013) and Scharff (1996). What follows builds directly upon Socio-Analytic Dialogue, an extension and adaptation to countries and their public policies of psychosocial and systems dynamics thinking. See, Boccara (2014).

Introduction

The arguments and call to action here are motivated by the daunting psychosocial issues that were so strikingly revealed by the Covid-19 pandemic. As argued in the May 2021 UN report prepared by the Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response, a series of failures led to the biggest health, social, and economic disaster in living memory. Of particular interest to the thesis of this book is the report’s decision to highlight psychosocial issues, in particular the collective denial of facts, which resulted in public policy mistakes and fostered distrust. The denial of the severity of the pandemic has already led to catastrophic outcomes and the worse might yet be to come. In hindsight, much could have been prevented. The book argues that psychosocial dynamics surprisingly strengthened societal denial when the more dangerous delta variant emerged and the situation worsened further once the more contagious omicron variant became dominant. Despite this increase in contagion, several countries drastically altered their public health policies and decided to live with the virus. Deliberately choosing endemicity of the coronavirus may lead to insurmountable challenges due to the expected continued apparition of new variants for which there would be no immunity. As argued by Bergholtz, Brusselaers, and Ewing (2022), Just like the process of climate change, COVID-19 also has tipping points . . . The global mutation rate is dependent on the number of infections, and more infections result in more virus replication . . . and is likely to push us . . . to a point beyond which the situation becomes qualitatively irreversible.

As such, humanity is truly finding itself at a turning point. Such an inflexion point in history is likely to be fraught with nearly insurmountable anxieties, hence complex psychosocial dynamics. Facing the extraordinary challenges ahead will require thoroughly and rigorously addressing such psychosocial dynamics—particularly those operating at the societal unconscious level—through the formulation and implementation of psychosocially informed public policy responses and societal level dialogue initiatives. Failing to do this could lead to further psychosocial tipping points. Left unaddressed, the latter could tip the balance in favor a psychosocial extinction, whereas the world as whole—as a social system defined by its set of collective, or social, defenses—would increasingly mobilize regressed defenses that would make it impossible for societies to manage such challenges. This can be understood as the extinction of good societal thinking in the sense that constructive psychosocial processes would increasingly be replaced by damaging ones.

The pandemic occurred at a time when the world was already facing a daunting psychosocial environment, as evidenced by the increased propensity worldwide for the mobilization of increasingly regressed social defenses. The latter were exacerbated by extreme weather events perceived by the majority as further evidence of climate change (e.g., heat waves in Western North America in 2021, in India in 2022 and floods in Europe in 2021), widening economic disparities, racial and religious animosities and political tensions between many groups both within and between countries. This book argues that such a psychosocial landscape significantly hampered the world’s capacity to mobilize in solidarity against the pandemic. This was also often the case within countries.

As such, this book argues that there has probably never been a more critical time than now to genuinely incorporate psychosocial and systems dynamics thinking into public policy and country dialogue; an initiative that would need to continue in the aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic. This means incorporating an understanding of how mental representations and fantasies, shared anxieties, and social defenses mobilized against those anxieties impact the society. In other words, understanding how nations and the world as a whole function as social systems. Furthermore, this book suggests that humanity’s crisis of meaning, fostered by what it considers to be an unprecedented state of acute psychosocial stress, urgently requires psychosocial and systems dynamics thinking to become entrenched rather than only sporadically limited to specific instances or policies. This, in turn, would allow societies to rekindle shared meaning; a prerequisite to their aliveness¹ and ability to confront future crises.

As the book highlights, the core psychosocial response to the pandemic observed in most countries turned out to be a wish for and, in response, enactments of undoing it effortlessly. Wishing it either to magically go away, as if it had never happened or wishing it could be dealt with in an effortless way. Therefore, magical thinking and, as a consequence denial of reality, often prevailed. The lack of capacity of members of most societies to genuinely identify with one another meant that collective efforts to face the pandemic, a la we are all in this together, were mostly shunned.

The brief description above of the psychosocial landscape in which the pandemic struck certainly seems frightening. Nevertheless, the pandemic is probably not nearly as overwhelming in comparison to what future systemic crises might bring; think of the global extinction threats that humanity seems increasingly likely to face. While this may not suggest a particularly hopeful situation, I believe that hope can exists if we choose to embark on a collective journey of renewal by squarely facing the psychosocial issues that the pandemic has revealed. This does not have to be overwhelming, quite the contrary. The specificity of psychosocial and systems dynamics thinking at the societal level is that, by design, it essentially excludes assigning blame to any particular group. In fact, from the perspective of societal level psychoanalytic inspired thinking that focuses on shared anxieties and unconscious collusions between various subgroups, we automatically position ourselves in an environment in which one can truly say that we are all in this together. Note that the book often uses we with the purpose of inciting the readers to immerse themselves in the book. Working psychosocially on public policy and country dialogue requires people to work together.

The creation of meaning that follows from a society embarking on the collective journey of discovering how it functions as a social system can profoundly alter the way its members interact with one another. The resulting promotion of genuine identification between its members has the potential to allow the society to work through some of the most daunting issues that it may face. Contrary to what would be the norm in public policy or theme-specific country dialogue, this kind of psychosocial initiative would greatly gain in being undertaken while devoid of any specific purpose. This is, in fact, absolutely fundamental. Rather than undertake psychosocial dialogue to confront policy disagreements or cultural differences, one should start the process solely for the sake of the journey itself rather than with specific goals. At its onset, the sole purpose should only be to enable a society to appreciate the complexity and richness of its social system by internalizing the myriad of ways it functions. As such, the psychosocial process would begin by shedding light on the various mental representations, fantasies, social defenses and collusions that make that social system what it is at any given time.

As is well known from the rich literature on the psychoanalysis of organizations, an organization—as a social system—functions both above and below the surface; the surface being that abstract mental construct separating the societal conscious from the societal unconscious. See, Long (2006).² While the psychosocial mechanisms differ when working at the country level, the idea is equally important and applicable. See, Boccara (2014).³

In particular, one of the most relevant concepts to understanding country-level psychosocial dynamics, hence its economics and its politics, is perverse societal dynamics. The most important characteristic of perverse societal dynamics relevant to understanding psychosocial issues is the predominance of instrumental relations, whereas most interactions are motivated by narcissistic gratification. It explains why solidarity and collective efforts required to successfully address the pandemic often went missing. In addition, neoliberalism coupled with the internet-fueled revolution has significantly contributed to destroying meaning. This, in turn, significantly complicated most societies’ management of the pandemic; the social compacts proving too weak to allow for the solidarity that was required to successively address the pandemic collectively.

Perverse societal dynamics and an increasingly weak capacity for identification, hence lack of empathy, amongst individuals are the key psychosocial attributes that lead us to describe what we are witnessing worldwide as a dangerous slide towards what is symbolically referred to as a psychosocial extinction. These psychosocial attributes constitute the main impetus for this book’s advocating for a systematic and permanent psychosocial and systems dynamics approach to public policy and country dialogue.

Psychosocial and systems dynamics country level approaches require fairly extensive validation to be internalized and, as a consequence, be able to positively and durably impact the psychosocial environment. However, the main purpose of the book is to illustrate concepts to make the case for such interventions. As such, some of the psychosocial dynamics that are identified throughout the book have not always been fully validated. This was neither our purpose and nor was it necessary for the arguments that are made. The book focuses instead on both the psychosocial reasons behind the failure of public health policy responses to reach their objectives and the psychosocial issues that could become substantial obstacles to managing future crises.

There comes a time when ideas potentially capable of profoundly changing the world must be brought to the centers of decision making. That time is now upon us.

Organization

The book is organized as follows:

Chapter 1, And Suddenly, The Future Got Cancelled introduces the issues and highlights some of the specificities of the pandemic that made it such a formidable event.

The next three chapters are interrelated in the sense that they build directly on Socio-Analytic Dialogue in identifying the purpose and nature of the social defenses that were mobilized against anxieties as well as how leadership responded. Together, a culture of narcissism and declining capacity for identification concomitant with a loss of empathy implied that the pandemic was essentially faced together yet alone. This bodes extremely poorly for future crises and, as such, underscores the urgent need for humanity to rally together to create the shared meaning that is absolutely essential to our collective ability to salvage our future.

Chapter 2, Socio-Analytic Dialogue in a Time of Pandemic identifies the key social defenses observed during the early phase of the pandemic before vaccines became available. To do so, it surveys the most salient psychosocial dynamics observed in several countries during that time. It highlights omnipotence, guilt, and atonement; failure foretold; and narcissistic denial.

Chapter 3, Vaccines and their Vicissitudes identifies wishing for a magical undoing as the defining psychosocial characteristic that underpinned most of humanity’s management of the pandemic. Magical thinking is shown to have reinforced inequality of access to vaccines and led to worsening psychosocial environments in many countries that often ended up choosing to live with the virus.

Chapter 4, Leadership and Empathic Capability surveys how leadership in several countries responded to the social defenses identified in both Chapters 3 and 4 and whether it favored or hindered societal level empathic capability. The latter is identified as playing a key role in enabling countries to successfully manage the pandemic.

Chapter 5, From Psychosocial Extinction to Psychosocial Renewal transitions from the pandemic to other systemic crises that humanity is likely to face. As such, it starts with the recognition that today’s challenges are on a scale rarely seen before. While this has been resisted in the past, it may now become easier for societies to accept this since the social defenses identified in the book are likely to also be mobilized in similar forms if and when other systemic crises hit. However, psychosocial obstacles to successfully managing future crises include perverse societal dynamics and narcissistic entitlement. The latter is the Achilles’ heel currently gripping the world. As such, promoting narcissistic withdrawal is, in our view, one of the most pressing challenges facing humanity.

Chapter 6, Socio-Analytic Dialogue to the Rescue introduces Socio-Analytic Dialogue, a psychosocial approach to country-level public policy that would allow the systematic adoption of psychosocial and systems dynamics thinking recommended by the book. It also discusses reparative leadership, which is key to increasing the capacity of a society to effectively contain its members, and psychosocial transmission mechanisms, which determine if and how psychosocial processes succeed in containing societies.

Chapter 7, If Not Now, When? If Not You, Who? concludes the book by urging nations worldwide to move forward approaching policymaking, country dialogue and social issues from a psychosocial and systems dynamics perspective.

A Postscript, Socio-Analytic Dialogue and the Taliban, was added in response to the United States’ hasty withdrawal from Afghanistan and the return of the Taliban to power. Similar to what is argued throughout the book for public health policies, the United States’ engagement with Afghanistan also reflected its underlying social system. In particular, from a psychosocial perspective, the exit from Afghanistan can also be seen as an elusive search for a magical undoing. Last, along the lines of the book, the postscript argues for genuine identification with the Taliban and others in Afghanistan. It could go a long way towards collective healing.

The Appendix, Main Theoretical Notions Underpinning Socio-Analytic Dialogue, summarizes the key theoretical aspects, in particular the Socio-Analytic Map of a Country; the two Sequencing Principles; the Analytical Attitude at the Country Level; and Policies in the Age of Contempt framework.

Notes

1. Aliveness, a term often used in psychoanalysis, is used here to convey that, similarly to an individual, a society’s capable of being sufficiently aware of its internal psychosocial dynamics becomes more vibrant and resilient.

2. Long’s seminal work on perverse societal dynamics is crucial to understanding complex psychosocial dynamics at the country level.

3. Boccara’s Socio-Analytic Dialogue introduced for the very first time theoretical concepts, some adapted from the application of psychosocial and systems dynamics to organizations, and methodology needed to apply that kind of thinking to public policies at the country level.

Chapter 1

And Suddenly, The Future Got Cancelled

If Not Now, When?

While many of us, regardless of where we experienced the Covid-19 pandemic, spent hours dreaming about going back to what once was, the global crisis we are living through might already have changed our world forever. History suggests that pandemics have a significant impact. Thus, how societies managed during the pandemic and the decisions that they will make in its immediate aftermath will likely shape our world for generations to come. Humanity is truly finding itself at a crossroad.

Yet, while the seismic changes we are witnessing may have disruptive consequences, our ability to understand psychosocial issues from a psychosocial and systems dynamics perspective creates a unique opportunity. The time is now upon us to systematically approach our most salient challenges from such a position. Psychosocial dynamics, particularly those whose origins are at the societal unconscious level, matter. They can have a significant impact on policies as well as on ways in which a society experiences and, in turn, responds to those policies. Yet, these psychosocial mechanisms are often misunderstood. This, however, does not imply that they should be ignored. This book reflects on the psychosocial lessons that can be