Modren Scots Grammar: Wirkin wi Wirds
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Modren Scots Grammar - Christine Robinson
CHRISTINE ROBINSON MA PhD has taught Scots at the University of Edinburgh for many years. She lectures on Scots for the University of the Highlands and Islands Millennium Institute and is Director of Scottish Language Dictionaries (SLD). SLD is the organisation dedicated to the lexicography of Scots and Scottish English with stewardship of the Scottish National Dictionary, A Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue and the online Dictionary of the Scots Language www.dsl.ac.uk. In addition to lexicographical work, SLD has a lively outreach programme, supporting Scots in the community and in education.
Brought up in Perth, of Kincardineshire parents, and now living in West Lothian she has first hand knowledge of a range of Scots dialects and has carried out a number of dialect research projects. She also has an interest in Older Scots. She is a committee member of the Scots Language Society, a Trustee of The Scots Language Centre, Chair of the Association for Scottish Literary Studies Language Committee, a member of the Literature Forum and a regular attendee at the Parliamentary Cross Party Group on Scots.
This Buik wis scrievit in celebration o the first ten years o Scottish Language Dictionaries (SLD).
SLD wis formed in 2002 and brocht thegither the staff o A Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue (dost) and The Scottish National Dictionary Association. We inheritit awmaist a century o wark, 12 muckle volumes o dost an 10 o the Scottish National Dictionary. Thir dictionars are online as the Dictionar o the Scots Leid at www.dsl.ac.uk. Noo SLD bigs on the thae braw foonds tae hain the record o spoken and written Scots fae aw the airts.We are unnertakkin the wechty darg o editin a saicont edition o the Concise Scots Dictionary and are ettlin tae improve the Dictionar o the Scots Leid.
Sen 2009 we hae been maistly fundit by the Scottish Government. We wad like tae thank them an aw oor memmers an generous supporters that help us tae tak tent tae the future o Scots lexicography.
Christine Robinson
Director, Scottish Language Dictionaries
Modren Scots Grammar
by Christine Robinson
with illustrations by Bob Dewar
Luath Press Limited
EDINBURGH
www.luath.co.uk
First published 2012
Reprinted 2013
ISBN (print): 978-1-908373-39-7
eBook 2013
ISBN (eBook): 978-1-909912-19-9
The author’s right to be identified as author of this work under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 has been asserted.
© Scottish Language Dictionaries
Contents
Introductory Notes
For awbodie
For Lairners
For Teachers
Nouns
Singular and Plural
Possessives
Coont Nouns and Mass Nouns
Collective Nouns 18
Proper Nouns
Verbs
Nummer, person and tense
Aspect
Modal Verbs
Active and Passive
Adjectives
Comparison o Adjectives
Adjectives in similes
Adverbs
Jyned up thinkin
Prepositions
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns
Relative pronouns
Reflexive pronouns
Conjunctions
Co-ordinatin conjunctions
Subordinatin conjunctions
Determiners
Negatives
Interrogatives
Makkin Phrases
The Noun Phrase
The Verb Phrase
The Adjective Phrase
The Adverb Phrase
The Prepositional Phrase
Makkin Clauses
Intransitive Verbs
Transitive Verbs
Objects
Complements
Adverbials
Jynin Clauses
Subordinate Clauses
Direct and Indirect Speech
Common Errors and Guid Style
Punctuation
Makkin New Wirds
Leet o Noun Plurals
Leet o Verbs
Leet o Numers
Answers and Discussion
Glossary o Grammatical Terms
Mair Reading
Introductory notes
For awbodie
This buik is in Scots and aboot Scots, but whit is Scots? Whither ye speak Shetland Dialect, the Doric, Dundee, Glasgwegian, Borders Scots, Ulster Scots or onie ither variety, they are aw dialects o the same leid, descendit fae Northern Middle Inglis wi a fair skelp o Auld Norse, French, Latin and Gaelic, wi a guid bit o Dutch or Flemish as weel. For aw that we hae very different accents, which maks us spell differently, and for aw that we hae mony wirds that are weel kent in ae place an nae heard in anither, we aw speak the ae leid. We hae mair things in common than we hae keepin us apairt. Ane o thae things is grammar. There are wee differences in grammar fae place tae place in Scotland, but nae that mony. Sae this is a grammar buik for awbodie that speaks Scots.
There is nae wey that A can scrieve Scots in awbodie’s dialect at aince. A hae tried tae avoid very local wirds or aff-pittin spellins and A howp that ye’ll read it in yer ain accent onywey. If ye come across a wird ye dinnae ken, mind it’s aye guid tae extend yer vocabulary. Maybe, if we aw stert tae read and write in Scots a bit mair, we will come tae a consensus aboot whit is the best wey tae spell in Scots and we’ll aw hae a grand vocabulary. Then we can say we hae a standard Scots. Until that time, we jist hae tae keep an open mind, nae fash ower muckle ower spellin and enjoy lairnin fae ane anither. We micht hae mony dialects but ilkane is jist as guid Scots as the ither.
For lairners
Whit is grammar? It is whit we ken aboot the wey wirds are pit thegither. The wee dug bit the muckle man is no the same as The wee man bit the muckle dug. We ken that because o the order the wirds gaes in. The laddie lowps that dyke is different fae The laddies lowpit thae dykes. We ken fae the form o the wirds. That’s grammar.
As explained abune, we dinnae aw speak the same wey (we dinna aa spikk e same wey). That is hoo in this buik ye will find a wheen o things in brackets. The brackets gie the maist likely options, but gin ye dinnae find yer ain wey o speakin there, dinnae let it pit ye aff. Discuss it wi yer cless and yer teacher.
Ye will find some examples that stert wi an asterisk *. That tells ye the example is something maist speakers wadnae be comfortable wi. It is an example o a thing that jist isnae yaised in ordinary speakin an scrievin.
Maist folk yaisin this buik will ken baith Scots an Inglis. By the time ye hae feenished the buik, ye will be able tae wirk oot whit wey they differ and whit wey they are alike and ye will be able tae talk aboot language and unnerstand whit wey it wirks.
For teachers
We hae ettelt tae cover as mony dialects as possible athoot makkin the buik ower complicatit. Jist acause a grammatical construction isnae in the buik disnae mean it is wrang. This isnae intendit as a prescriptive grammar. It accords wi Curriculum for Excellence in that it ettles tae gie readers an unnerstandin o the wey language wirks and tae gie them the vocabulary