CLEP® Western Civilization II Book + Online

By Preston Jones

Earn College Credit with REA’s Test Prep for CLEP Western Civilization II: 1648 to the Present

Everything you need to pass the exam and get the college credit you deserve.

REA leads the way in helping students pass their College Board CLEP exams and earn college credit while reducing their tuition costs.

With 25+ years of experience in test prep for the College-Level Examination Program (CLEP), REA is your trusted source for the most up-to-date test-aligned content. Whether you’re an adult returning to finish your degree, a traditional-age college student, a military service member, or a high school or home-schooled student looking to get a head start on college and shorten your path to graduation, CLEP is perfect for you.

REA’s expert authors know the CLEP tests inside out. And thanks to our partners at Proctortrack (proctortrack.com/clep), you can now take your exam at your convenience, from the comfort of home.
 
Prep for success on the CLEP Western Civilization II exam with REA’s personalized three-step plan: (1) focus your study, (2) review with the book, and (3) measure your test-readiness.

Our Book + Online prep gives you all the tools you need to make the most of your study time:

• Diagnostic exam: Pinpoint what you already know and what you need to study.
• Targeted subject review: Learn what you’ll be tested on.
• Two full-length practice exams: Zero in on the topics that give you trouble now so you’ll be confident and prepared on test day.
• Glossary of key terms: Round out your prep with must-know vocabulary.

REA is America’s recognized leader in CLEP preparation. Our test prep helps you earn valuable college credit, save on tuition, and accelerate your path to a college degree.
 
 

• Language: English
• Publisher: Research & Education Association
• Release date: Jan 16, 2013
• ISBN: 9780738683799

Book preview

REA: THE LEADER IN CLEP TEST PREP

Dr. Preston Jones

Associate Professor of History

John Brown University

Siloam Springs, Arkansas

Research & Education Association

61 Ethel Road West

Piscataway, New Jersey 08854

Email: [e-mail]

CLEP Western Civilization II with Online Practice Exams

Copyright © 2013 by Research & Education Association, Inc.

Prior edition copyright © 2006 by Research & Education Association, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher.

Printed in the United States of America

Library of Congress Control Number 2012950343

eISBN-13: 978-0-7386-8379-9

All trademarks cited in this publication are the property of their respective owners.

LIMIT OF LIABILITY/DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY: Publication of this work is for the purpose of test preparation and related use and subjects as set forth herein. While every effort has been made to achieve a work of high quality, neither Research & Education Association, Inc., nor the authors and other contributors of this work guarantee the accuracy or completeness of or assume any liability in connection with the information and opinions contained herein and in REA’s software and/ or online materials. REA and the authors and other contributors shall in no event be liable for any personal injury, property or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use or reliance upon this work. Cover image © istockphoto/interlight

CLEP* WESTERN CIVILIZATION II

Access Your Online Exams

by following t he instructions found at the back of this book.

CONTENTS

About the Author

About Research & Education Association

Acknowledgments

A Note from the Author

CHAPTER 1

Passing the CLEP College Western Civilization II Exam

Getting Started

The REA Study Center

An Overview of the Exam

All About the CLEP Program

Options for Military Personnel and Veterans

SSD Accommodations for Candidates with Disabilities

6-Week Study Plan

Test-Taking Tips

The Day of the Exam

Online Diagnostic Test www.rea.com/studycenter

CHAPTER 2

Absolutism, Constitutionalism, the Dutch Republic, and Russia

Absolutism: Philosophical Background

France and the Reign of Louis XIV

England: The Road to Constitutional Government

England’s Civil War

Charles II, James II, and the Glorious Revolution

The Dutch Republic

Peter the Great and the West

For Your Information

CHAPTER 3:

Empires and Conflicts

Introduction

The First Global Wars

The American Revolution

For Your Information

CHAPTER 4:

The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment

Introduction

A Hall of Fame: Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Newton

Faith and Science: Bacon, Descartes, Pascal, and Leibniz

The Enlightenment Enlightened Despots:

Catherine the Great, Frederick II, and Joseph II

For Your Information

CHAPTER 5

The Industrial Revolution

Agriculture

Industry

Industrialization’s Human Impact

Reform

For Your Information

CHAPTER 6

The French Revolution and Napoleonic Europe

Introduction

Background

The Coming of Revolution

Revolution: Part I

Revolution: Part II

Secularization

The End of Revolution

The Rise of Napoleon

International Consequences of the Revolution

Napoleon the General and Napoleonic Europe

For Your Information

CHAPTER 7

Conservatism, Liberalism, and Revolution

Introduction

Defeating Napoleon

The Rise of Conservatism and Liberalism

Nationalism

Revolutions

France: Revolution, Empire, and Defeat

Nation Building: Italy

Nation Building: Germany

For Your Information

CHAPTER 8

The Second Industrial Revolution and Shifting Worldviews

Introduction

The Triumph of Industry

Urbanization

Modernization

For Your Information

CHAPTER 9

Imperialism, Nationalism, and Socialism

Imperialism

Nationalism

Setting the Stage for War

The Hapsburg Empire

Socialism

For Your Information

CHAPTER 10

The First World War

Introduction

Origins of War

German Strategy and the Western Front

A Troubled Peace

The War and Social Change

For Your Information

CHAPTER 11

The Russian Revolution and the Early Soviet Union

Introduction

The Russian Revolution

Civil War and Its Aftermath

Stalin’s Regime, 1927–1939

Stalin and the Road to War

CHAPTER 12

The Second World War

Introduction

The Road to War: Mussolini’s Italy

The Road to War: Hitler’s Germany

The First Year

Anglo-American Alliance

Strategy, the Russo-German War, and Victory

The Holocaust

For Your Information

CHAPTER 13

The Cold War

Overview

Beginnings of the Cold War: 1945–1949

Globalization of the Cold War: 1950–1989

The Space Race

The End of the Cold War

For Your Information

CHAPTER 14

Western Culture and Politics Since 1945

Post-Soviet Russia and Eastern Europe

Decolonization

Social and Political Trends

Conclusion

Practice Test 1 (also available online at www.rea.com/studycenter)

Answer Key

Detailed Explanations of Answers

Practice Test 2 (also available online at www.rea.com/studycenter)

Answer Key

Detailed Explanations of Answers

Glossary

Index

ABOUT OUR AUTHOR

Dr. Preston Jones has been a Fulbright scholar and a fellow of the Pew Program in Religion and American History. He received his doctorate in History from the University of Ottawa (Canada) in 1999 and an M.A. in History from California State University at Sonoma in 1995. Dr. Jones has taught courses in European, American, and world history at the secondary and university levels. He also teaches Latin. He has published over 200 articles in scholarly journals, magazines, and newspapers. Currently he teaches at John Brown University in Arkansas.

ABOUT RESEARCH & EDUCATION ASSOCIATION

Founded in 1959, Research & Education Association (REA) is dedicated to publishing the finest and most effective educational materials—including study guides and test preps—for students in middle school, high school, college, graduate school, and beyond.

Today, REA’s wide-ranging catalog is a leading resource for teachers, students, and professionals. Visit www.rea.com to see a complete listing of all our titles

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We would like to thank Pam Weston, Publisher, for setting the quality standards for production integrity and managing the publication to completion; John Paul Cording, Vice President, Technology, for coordinating the design and development of the REA Study Center; Larry B. Kling, Vice President, Editorial, for his supervision of revisions and overall direction; Diane Goldschmidt and Michael Reynolds, Managing Editors, for coordinating development of this edition; Transcend Creative Services for typesetting this edition; and Weymouth Design and Christine Saul, Senior Graphic Designer, for designing our cover.

A Note from the Author

The first college-level credit I earned was from CLEP exams I took while I served in the U.S. Navy. By the end of my four-year enlistment, in 1990, I had completed enough CLEP exams, and had done well enough on them, to have a very good head start on my university career. The discipline it took to study for the CLEP tests prepared me for university-level work.

If you are reading this, I assume not only that you want to pass the CLEP Western Civilization II exam but also that you want to be better educated. If you use this book well and if you commit yourself to learn what is in it, you will be in a very strong position to pass the exam—and you will be a more knowledgeable person. My advice on how to use this book in preparation for the CLEP exam is as follows:

1.Pay attention to everything that is in bold. The information surrounding each word or phrase in bold will tell you why that item or idea is important.

2.Know the correct answer to every question in both practice exams that follow the survey of Western Civilization since 1648.

3.In addition to knowing the right answer to every question on the practice exams, know why every correct answer is correct. This will involve studying the answers to the questions, which follow the exams. It is important to study these paragraphs, for some information is included in them that does not appear in the main narrative. It is also important to note that there is not a question about every item that is in bold. This is why it is important to emphasize all three of these steps.

In addition to providing a straightforward narrative of Western Civilization since 1648, this text introduces each chapter with quotations from the period under study, and most chapters conclude with brief discussions—under the title For Your Information . . . —of topics that are raised in the chapter (called out with the symbol°). These items will help students to understand the broader context of the events and concepts they are studying. I also hope they will spark or sustain an interest in history.

Inevitably, this text is a synthesis of syntheses. The works I have consulted while writing it are Philip Cannistraro and John J. Reich, The Western Perspective: A History of Civilization in the West (Belmont, CA: Thomson, 2004); Jacques Barzun, From Dawn to Decadence: 500 Years of Western Cultural Life (New York: HarperCollins, 2000); Norman Davies, Europe: A History (New York: HarperPerennial, 1996); Lynn Hunt et al., The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2005); Donald Kagan et al., The Western Heritage (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2001); David M. Kennedy et al., The American Pageant (New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002); Brian Levack et al., The West: Encounters and Transformations (New York: Pearson, 2004); Marvin Perry, Western Civilization: A Brief History (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2005); and Jackson J. Spielvogel, Western Civilization (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1999). The quotes in the text can be found in the sixteenth edition of John Bartlett’s Familiar Quotations (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 1992); in John L. Beatty et al., Heritage of Western Civilization: From Revolutions to Modernity (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2004); and in Katharine J. Lualdi’s documents companion to Hunt’s Making of the West. I have also benefited from teaching European and Western history at the University of Ottawa (Canada), the California State University at Sonoma, the University of Dallas, Dallas Christian College, The Cambridge School of Dallas, and John Brown University.

I am grateful to my trusted teacher’s assistant, Ruby Vazquez, who saved me from numerous errors and who makes my life easier. I also wish to thank Judy Balla, administrative assistant in the School of Social and Behavioral Studies at JBU, whose constant help made it possible to write a text like this while juggling many other responsibilities.

I have dedicated this manuscript to Mr. Charles Grande, my Western Civilization teacher at Eisenhower High School in Rialto, California. The world would be better if everyone could have a teacher like him. Admira-bantur turbae super doctrinam eius.

Preston Jones

John Brown University

CHAPTER 1

Passing the CLEP Western Civilization II Exam

CHAPTER 1

PASSING THE CLEP WESTERN CIVILIZATION II EXAM

Congratulations! You’re joining the millions of people who have discovered the value and educational advantage offered by the College Board’s College-Level Examination Program, or CLEP. This test prep covers everything you need to know about the CLEP Western Civilization II exam, and will help you earn the college credit you deserve while reducing your tuition costs.

GETTING STARTED

There are many different ways to prepare for a CLEP exam. What’s best for you depends on how much time you have to study and how comfortable you are with the subject matter. To score your highest, you need a system that can be customized to fit you: your schedule, your learning style, and your current level of knowledge.

This book, and the online tools in the CLEP package, allow you to create a personalized study plan through three simple steps: assessment of your knowledge, targeted review of exam content, and reinforcement in the areas where you need the most help.

Let's get started and see how this system works.

THE REA STUDY CENTER

The best way to personalize your study plan and focus on your weaknesses is to get feedback on what you know and what you don’t know. At the online REA Study Center, you can access two types of assessment: a diagnostic exam and full-length practice exams. Each of these tools provides true-to-format questions and delivers a detailed score report that follows the topics set by the College Board.

Diagnostic Exam

Before you begin your review with the book, take the online diagnostic exam. Use your score report to help evaluate your overall understanding of the subject, so you can focus your study on the topics where you need the most review.

Full-Length Practice Exams

These practice tests give you the most complete picture of your strengths and weaknesses. After you’ve finished reviewing with the book, test what you’ve learned by taking the first of the two online practice exams. Review your score report, then go back and study any topics you missed. Take the second practice test to ensure you have mastered the material and are ready for test day.

If you’re studying and don’t have Internet access, you can take the printed tests in the book. These are the same practice tests offered at the REA Study Center, but without the added benefits of timed testing conditions and diagnostic score reports. Because the actual exam is computer-based, we recommend you take at least one practice test online to simulate test-day conditions.

AN OVERVIEW OF THE EXAM

The CLEP Western Civilization II exam consists of 120 multiple-choice questions, each with five possible answer choices, to be answered in 90 minutes.

The exam covers the material one would find in the second semester of a two-semester course in Western Civilization. The exam questions cover European history from the seventeenth century through the post–Second World War period, including political, economic, and cultural developments.

The approximate breakdown of topics is as follows:

ALL ABOUT THE CLEP PROGRAM

What is the CLEP?

CLEP is the most widely accepted credit-by-examination program in North America. CLEP exams are available in 33 subjects and test the material commonly required in an introductory-level college course. Examinees can earn from three to twelve credits at more than 2,900 colleges and universities in the U.S. and Canada. For a complete list of the CLEP subject examinations offered, visit the College Board website: www.collegeboard.org/clep.

Who takes clep exams?

CLEP exams are typically taken by people who have acquired knowledge outside the classroom and who wish to bypass certain college courses and earn college credit. The CLEP program is designed to reward examinees for learning—no matter where or how that knowledge was acquired.

Although most CLEP examinees are adults returning to college, many graduating high school seniors, enrolled college students, military personnel, veterans, and international students take CLEP exams to earn college credit or to demonstrate their ability to perform at the college level. There are no prerequisites, such as age or educational status, for taking CLEP examinations. However, because policies on granting credits vary among colleges, you should contact the particular institution from which you wish to receive CLEP credit.

Who administers the exam?

CLEP exams are developed by the College Board, administered by Educational Testing Service (ETS), and involve the assistance of educators from throughout the United States. The test development process is designed and implemented to ensure that the content and difficulty level of the test are appropriate.

When and where is the exam given?

CLEP exams are administered year-round at more than 1,200 test centers in the United States and can be arranged for candidates abroad on request. To find the test center nearest you and to register for the exam, contact the CLEP Program:

CLEP Services

P.O. Box 6600

Princeton, NJ 08541-6600

Phone: [phone] (8 a.m. to 6 p.m. ET)

Fax: [phone]

Website: www.collegeboard.org/clep

OPTIONS FOR MILITARY PERSONNEL AND VETERANS

CLEP exams are available free of charge to eligible military personnel and eligible civilian employees. All the CLEP exams are available at test centers on college campuses and military bases. Contact your Educational Services Officer or Navy College Education Specialist for more information. Visit the DANTES or College Board websites for details about CLEP opportunities for military personnel.

Eligible U.S. veterans can claim reimbursement for CLEP exams and administration fees pursuant to provisions of the Veterans Benefits Improvement Act of 2004. For details on eligibility and submitting a claim for reimbursement, visit the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs website at www.gibill.va.gov.

CLEP can be used in conjunction with the Post-9/11 GI Bill, which applies to veterans returning from the Iraq and Afghanistan theaters of operation. Because the GI Bill provides tuition for up to 36 months, earning college credits with CLEP exams expedites academic progress and degree completion within the funded timeframe.

SSD ACCOMMODATIONS FOR CANDIDATES WITH DISABILITIES

Many test candidates qualify for extra time to take the CLEP exams, but you must make these arrangements in advance. For information, contact:

College Board Services for Students with Disabilities

P.O. Box 6226

Princeton, NJ 08541-6226

Phone: [phone] (Monday through Friday, 8 A.M. to 6 P.M. ET)

TTY: (609) 882–4118

Fax: [phone]

Email: [e-mail]

6-WEEK STUDY PLAN

Although our study plan is designed to be used in the six weeks before your exam, it can be condensed to three weeks by combining each two-week period into one.

Be sure to set aside enough time—at least two hours each day—to study. The more time you spend studying, the more prepared and relaxed you will feel on the day of the exam.

TEST-TAKING TIPS

Know the format of the test. CLEP computer-based tests are fixed-length tests. This makes them similar to the paper-and-pencil type of exam because you have the flexibility to go back and review your work in each section.

Learn the test structure, the time allotted for each section of the test, and the directions for each section. By learning this, you will know what is expected of you on test day, and you’ll relieve your test anxiety.

Read all the questions—completely. Make sure you understand each question before looking for the right answer. Reread the question if it doesn’t make sense.

Annotate the questions. Highlighting the key words in the questions will help you find the right answer choice.

Read all of the answers to a question. Just because you think you found the correct response right away, do not assume that it’s the best answer. The last answer choice might be the correct answer.

Work quickly and steadily. You will have 90 minutes to answer 120 questions, so work quickly and steadily. Taking the timed practice tests online will help you learn how to budget your time.

Use the process of elimination. Stumped by a question? Don’t make a random guess. Eliminate as many of the answer choices as possible. By eliminating just two answer choices, you give yourself a better chance of getting the item correct, since there will only be three choices left from which to make your guess. Remember, your score is based only on the number of questions you answer correctly.

Don’t waste time! Don’t spend too much time on any one question. Remember, your time is limited and pacing yourself is very important. Work on the easier questions first. Skip the difficult questions and go back to them if you have the time.

Look for clues to answers in other questions. If you skip a question you don’t know the answer to, you might find a clue to the answer elsewhere on the test.

Acquaint yourself with the computer screen. Familiarize yourself with the CLEP computer screen beforehand by logging on to the College Board website. Waiting until test day to see what it looks like in the pretest tutorial risks injecting needless anxiety into your testing experience. Also, familiarizing yourself with the directions and format of the exam will save you valuable time on the day of the actual test.

Be sure that your answer registers before you go to the next item. Look at the screen to see that your mouse-click causes the pointer to darken the proper oval. If your answer doesn’t register, you won’t get credit for that question.

THE DAY OF THE EXAM

On test day, you should wake up early (after a good night’s rest, of course) and have breakfast. Dress comfortably, so you are not distracted by being too hot or too cold while taking the test. (Note that hoodies are not allowed.) Arrive at the test center early. This will allow you to collect your thoughts and relax before the test, and it will also spare you the anxiety that comes with being late. As an added incentive, keep in mind that no one will be allowed into the test session after the test has begun.

Before you leave for the test center, make sure you have your admission form and another form of identification, which must contain a recent photograph, your name, and signature (i.e., driver’s license, student identification card, or current alien registration card). You will not be admitted to the test center if you do not have proper identification.

You may wear a watch to the test center. However, you may not wear one that makes noise, because it may disturb the other test-takers. No cell phones, dictionaries, textbooks, notebooks, briefcases, or packages will be permitted, and drinking, smoking, and eating are prohibited.

Good luck on the CLEP Western Civilization II exam!

CHAPTER 2

Absolutism, Constitutionalism, The Dutch Republic, and Russia

CHAPTER 2

ABSOLUTISM, CONSTITUTIONALISM, THE DUTCH REPUBLIC, AND RUSSIA

During the time men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in that condition which is called war; and such a war, as is of every man, against every man.

—Thomas Hobbes

Wherever Law ends, Tyranny begins.

—John Locke

I would have been glad to have lived under my woodside, and to have kept a flock of sheep, rather than to have undertaken this government.

—Oliver Cromwell

From 1618 to 1648 the Thirty Years’ War raged in Europe. It is called a war of religion; Calvinists, Lutherans, and Catholics in and from present-day Germany, Austria, Denmark, Sweden, France, and other regions fought one another, sometimes with incredible ferocity. Entire villages—including the elderly and children who lived in them—were destroyed. The various countries’ interests actually had more to do with political power and prestige than with theology. But because there was no separation of church and state in the early 1600s, theological language inevitably got wrapped up in political scheming and combat.

The war-ending Treaty of Westphalia (1648) set the stage