Leaves from Gerard's Herball

By Marcus Woodward

This beautiful horticultural handbook is a garden calendar, taking you on an illustrated journey through the year, detailing each season’s most prominent plants, flowers, and herbs.

A revised edition of John Gerrard’s 1597 Garden Herball, this gorgeously illustrated volume has been updated by Marcus Woodward to form a garden calendar, with each plant being featured in its flowering season. From tobacco and onions to poppies, sunflowers, and peach trees, England’s most-famous herbal index is perfect for all who are interested in gardening and horticulture.

• Language: English
• Publisher: Pomona Press
• Release date: May 30, 2024
• ISBN: 9781528799300

Book preview

THE HERBAL

BULBOUS VIOLETS

The bulbous Violet riseth out of the ground, with two small leaves flat and crested, of an overworne greene colour, betweene the which riseth up a small and tender stalke of two hands high; at the top whereof commeth forth of a skinny hood a small white floure of the bignesse of a Violet, compact of six leaves, three bigger, and three lesser, tipped at the points with a light greene; the smaller are fashioned into the vulgar forme of an heart, and prettily edged about with green; the other three leaves are longer, and sharpe pointed. The whole floure hangeth downe his head, by reason of the weake foot-stalke whereon it groweth. The root is small, white, and bulbous.

Bulbous Violet

Some call them also Snow drops. This name Leucoium, without his Epithite Bulbosum, is taken for the Wall-floure, and stocke Gillofloure, by all moderne Writers.

Touching the faculties of these bulbous Violets we have nothing to say, seeing that nothing is set downe hereof by the antient Writers, nor any thing observed by the moderne; onely they are maintained and cherished in gardens for the beautie and rarenesse of the floures, and sweetnesse of their smell.

VIOLETS

The Violets called the blacke or purple violets, or March Violets of the garden, have a great prerogative about others, not only because the mind conceiveth a certain pleasure and recreation by smelling and handling those most odoriferous floures, but also for that very many by these violets receive ornament and comely grace; for there be made of them garlands for the head, nosegaies and poesies, which are delightfull to looke on and pleasant to smel to, speaking nothing of their appropriat vertues; yea gardens themselves receive by these the greatest ornament of all, chiefest beauty, and most excellent grace, and the recreation of the minde which is taken hereby cannot be but very good and honest; for they admonish and stirre up a man to that which is comely and honest; for floures through their beauty, variety of colour, and exquisit forme, do bring to a liberall and gentle manly minde, the remembrance of honestie, comlinesse, and all kindes of vertues: for it would be an unseemly and filthy thing (as a certain wise man saith) for him that doth looke upon and handle faire and beautiful things, to have his mind not faire, but filthy and deformed.

The blacke or purple Violet doth forthwith bring from the root many leaves, broad, sleightly indented in the edges, rounder than the leaves of Ivy; among the midst wherof spring up fine slender stems, and upon every one a beautifull flour sweetly smelling, of a blew darkish purple, consisting of five little leaves, the lowest whereof is the greatest: after them do appeare little hanging cups or knaps, which when they be ripe do open and divide themselves into three parts. The seed is smal, long, and somwhat round withall: the root consisteth of many threddy strings.

The white garden Violet hath many milke white floures, in forme and figure like the precedent; the colour of whose floures especially setteth forth the difference.

The double garden Violet hath leaves, creeping branches, and roots like the garden single Violet; differing in that, that this Violet bringeth forth most beautifull sweet double floures, and the other single.

The white double Violet likewise agrees with the other of his kinde, differing onely in the colour; for as the last described bringeth double blew or purple flours, contrariwise this plant beareth double white floures, which maketh the difference.

The Violet is called in Greeke, Ion: in Latine, Nigra viola or blacke Violet, of the blackish purple colour of the floures. The Apothecaries keepe the Latine name Viola, but they call it Herba Violaria, and Mater Violarum: in Spanish, Violeta: in English, Violet. Nicander beleeveth that the Grecians did call it Ion, because certain Nymphs of Iönia gave that floure first to Jupiter. Others say it was called because when Jupiter had turned the yong damosell Iö, whom he tenderly loved, into a Cow, the earth brought forth this floure for her food; which being made for her sake, received the name from her: and thereupon it is thought that the Latines also called it Viola, as though they should say Vitula, by blotting out the letter t.

Violet

The floures are good for all inflammations, especially of the sides and lungs; they take away the hoarsenesse of the chest, the ruggednesse of the winde-pipe and jawes, and take away thirst.

There is likewise made of Violets and sugar certaine plates called Sugar violet, Violet tables, or Plate, which is most pleasant and wholesome, especially it comforteth the heart and the other inward parts.

SPRING SAFFRON

Wilde Saffron hath small short grassie leaves, furrowed or channelled downe the midst with a white line or streak: among the leaves rise up small floures in shape like unto the common Saffron, but differing in color; for this hath floures of mixt colors; that is to say, the ground of the floure is white, stripped upon the backe with purple, and dasht over on the inside with a bright shining murrey color; the other not. In the middle of the floures come forth many yellowish chives, without any smell of Saffron at all. The root is small, round, and covered with a browne skin of filme like unto the roots of common Saffron.

We have likewise in our London gardens another sort, like unto the other wilde Saffrons in every point, saving that this hath floures of a most perfect shining yellow colour, seeming a far off to be a hot glowing cole of fire.

There is found among Herbarists another sort, not differing from the others, saving that this hath white floures, contrary to all the rest.

Lovers of plants have gotten into their gardens one sort hereof with purple or Violet coloured flours, in other respects like unto the former.

All these wild Saffrons we have growing in our London gardens.

DAFFODILS

The first of the Daffodils is that with the purple crowne or circle, having small narrow leaves, thicke, fat, and full of slimie juice; among the which riseth up a naked stalke smooth and hollow, of a foot high, bearing at the top a faire milke white floure growing forth of a hood or thin filme such as the flours of onions are wrapped in: in the midst of which floure is a round circle or small coronet of a yellowish colour, purfled or bordered about the edge of the said ring or circle with a pleasant purple colour; which being past, there followeth a thicke knob or button, wherein is contained blacke round seed. The root is white, bulbous or Onion-fashion.

The second kind of Daffodill is that sort of Narcissus or Primrose peerelesse that is most common in our country gardens, generally knowne everie where. It hath long fat and thick leaves, full of a slimie juice; among which riseth up a bare thicke stalke, hollow within and full of juice. The floure groweth at the top, of a yellowish white colour, with a yellow crowne or circle in the middle, and floureth in the moneth of Aprill, and sometimes sooner. The root is bulbous fashion.

The reflex Junquilia

There are three or foure reflex Junquilia’s, whose cups hang downe, and the six incompassing leaves turne up or backe, whence they take their names.

The Daffodils with purple coronets grow wilde in sundry places, chiefly in Burgondie, and in Suitzerland in medowes.

Theocritus affirmeth the Daffodils to grow in medowes, in his 19 Eidyl, or 20 according to some editions: where he writeth, That the faire Lady Europa entring with her Nymphs into the medowes, did gather the sweet smelling daffodils; in these verses:

Which we may English thus:

But when the Girles were come into

The medowes flouring all in sight,

That Wench with these, this Wench with those

Trim floures, themselves did all delight:

She with the Narcisse good in sent,

And she with Hyacinths content.

But it is not greatly to our purpose, particularly to seeke out their places of growing wilde, seeing we have them all & everie one of them in our London gardens, in great aboundance. The common wilde Daffodill groweth wilde in fields and sides of woods in the West parts of England.

Galen saith, That the roots of Narcissus have such wonderfull qualities in drying, that they consound and glew together very great wounds, yea and such gashes or cuts as happen about the veins, sinues, and tendons. They have also a certaine clensing facultie.

The root of Narcissus stamped with hony and applied plaister-wise, helpeth them that are burned with fire, and joineth together sinues that are cut in sunder. Being used in manner aforesaid it helpeth the great wrenches of the ancles, the aches and pains of the joints. The same applied with hony and nettle seed helpeth Sun burning. Being stamped with the meale of Darnel and hony, it draweth forth thorns and stubs out of any part of the body.

SOW-BREAD

The common kinde of Sow-bread, called in shops Panis porcinus, and Arthanita, hath many greene and round leaves like unto Asarabacca, saving that the upper part of the leaves are mixed here and there confusedly with white spots, and under the leaves next the ground of a purple colour: among which rise up little stemmes like unto the stalkes of violets, bearing at the top small purple floures, which turne themselves backward (being full blowne) like a Turks cap, or Tulepan, of a small sent or savour, or none at all: which being past, there succeed little round knops or heads which containe slender browne seeds: these knops are wrapped after a few daies in the small stalkes, as thred about a bottome, where it remaineth so defended from the injurie of Winter close upon the ground, covered also with the greene leaves aforesaid, by which meanes it is kept from the frost, even from the time of his seeding, which is in September, untill June: at which time the leaves doe fade away, the stalkes & seed remaining bare and naked, whereby it injoyeth the Sun (whereof it was long deprived) the sooner to bring them unto maturitie.

Sow-bread

Sow-bread groweth plentifully about Artoies and Vermandois in France, and in the Forest of Arden, and in Brabant. It is reported unto mee by men of good credit, that Cyclamen or Sow-bread groweth upon the mountaines of Wales; on the hils of Lincolnshire, and in Somerset shire. Being beaten and made up into trochisches, or little flat cakes, it is reported to be a good amorous medicine to make one in love, if it be inwardly taken.

MUSCARI, OR MUSKED GRAPE-FLOURE

Yellow Muscarie hath five or six long leaves spread upon the ground, thicke, fat, and full of slimie juyce, turning and winding themselves crookedly this way and that way, hollowed alongst the middle like a trough, as are those of faire haired Jacinth, which at the first budding or springing up are of a purplish colour; but being growne to perfection, become of a darke greene colour; amongst the which leaves rise up naked, thicke, and fat stalkes, infirme and weake in respect of the thicknesse and greatnesse thereof, lying also upon the ground as do the leaves; set from the middle to the top on every side with many yellow floures, every one made like a small pitcher or little box, with a narrow mouth, exceeding sweet of smell like the savour of muske, whereof it tooke the name Muscari. The seed is closed in puffed or blowne up cods, confusedly made without order, of a fat and spongeous substance, wherein is contained round blacke seed. The root is bulbous or onion fashion, whereunto are annexed certaine fat and thicke strings like those of Dogs-grasse.

These plants came from beyond the Thracian Bosphorus, out of Asia, and from about Constantinople, and by the means of Friends have been brought into these parts of Europe, whereof our London gardens are possessed.

There hath not as yet any thing beene touched concerning the nature or vertues of these Plants, onely they are kept and maintained in gardens for the pleasant smell of their floures, but not for their beauty, for that many stinking field floures do in beautie farre surpasse them.

WIND-FLOURES

The stocke or kindred of the Anemones or Winde-floures, especially in their varieties of colours, are without number, or at the least not sufficiently knowne unto any one that hath written of plants. My selfe have in my garden twelve different sorts: and yet I do heare of divers more differing very notably from any of these: every new yeare bringing with it new and strange kindes; and every country his peculiar plants of this sort which are sent unto us from far countries, in hope to receive from us such as our country yeeldeth.

Anemone

The first kinde of Anemone or Winde-floure hath small leaves very much snipt or jagged almost like unto Camomile, or Adonis floure: among which riseth up a stalke bare or naked almost unto the top; at which place is set two or three leaves like the other: and at the top of the stalke commeth forth a faire and beautifull floure compact of seven leaves, and sometimes eight, of a violet colour tending to purple. It is impossible to describe the colour in his full perfection, considering the variable mixtures. The root is tuberous or knobby, and very brittle.

The second kind of Anemone hath leaves like to the precedent, insomuch that it is hard to distinguish the one from the other but by the floures onely: for those of this plant are of a most bright and faire skarlet colour, and as double as the Marigold; and the other not so.

The great Anemone hath double floures, usually called the Anemone of Chalcedon (which is a city in Bithynia) and great broad leaves deepely cut in the edges, not unlike to those of the field Crow-foot, of an overworne greene colour: amongst which riseth up a naked bare stalke almost unto the top, where there stand two or three leaves in shape like the others, but lesser; sometimes changed into reddish stripes, confusedly mixed here and there in the said leaves. On the top of the stalke standeth a most gallant floure very double, of a perfect red colour, the which is sometimes striped amongst the red with a little line or two of yellow in the middle; from which middle commeth forth many blackish thrums.

They floure from the beginning of Januarie to the end of April, at what time the flours do fade, and the seed flieth away with the wind, if there be any seed at all; the which I could never as yet observe.

Anemone, or Wind-floure, is so called, for the floure doth never open it selfe but when the wind doth blow, as Pliny writeth.

WALL-FLOURES, OR YELLOW STOCKE-GILLOFLOURES

The stalks of the Wal-floure are ful of greene branches, the leaves are long, narrow, smooth, slippery, of a blackish green color, and lesser than the leaves of stocke Gillofloures. The floures are small, yellow, very sweet of smell, and made of foure little leaves; which being past, their succeed long slender cods, in which is contained flat reddish seed. The whole plant is shrubby, of a wooddy substance, and can easily endure the cold of Winter.

The double Wal-floure hath long leaves greene and smooth, set upon stiffe branches, of a wooddy substance: whereupon doe grow most pleasant sweet yellow flours very double; which plant is so well knowne to all, that it shall be needlesse to spend much time about the description.

Of this double kinde we have another sort that bringeth his floures open all at once, whereas the other doth floure by degrees, by meanes whereof it is long in flouring.

The first groweth upon bricke and stone walls, in the corners of churches every where, as also among rubbish and other stony places. The double Wall-floure groweth in most gardens of England.

They floure for the most part all the yeere long, but especially in Winter, whereupon the people in Cheshire do call them Winter-Gillofloures.

The Wall-floure is called in Latine, Viola lutea, and Leucoium luteum: in English, Wall-Gillofloure, Wallfloure, yellow stocke Gillofloure, and Winter-Gillofloure.

The leaves stamped with a little bay salt, and bound about the wrests of the hands, take away the shaking fits of the Ague.

WATER CROW-FOOT

Water Crow-foot hath slender branches trailing far abroad, whereupon grow leaves under the water, most finely cut and jagged: those above the water are somwhat round, in forme not unlike the smal tender leaves of the Mallow, but lesser: among which doe grow the floures, small, and white of colour, made of fine little leaves, with some yellownesse in the middle like the floures of the strawberry, and of a sweet smell. The roots be very small hairy strings.

Water Crowfoot growes by ditches and shallow springs, and in other moist and plashy places.

Water Crow-foot

CUCKOW PINT, OR WAKE-ROBIN

Arum or Cockow pint hath great, large, smooth, shining, sharpe pointed leaves, bespotted here and there with blackish spots, mixed with some blewnesse: among which riseth up a stalke, nine inches long, bespeckled in many places with certaine purple spots. It beareth also a certaine long hose or hood, in proportion like the eare of an hare: in the middle of which hood commeth forth a pestle or clapper of a darke murry or pale purple colour: which being past, there succeedeth in place thereof a bunch or cluster of berries in manner of a bunch of grapes, greene at the first, but after they be ripe of a yellowish red like corall, and full of juyce, wherein lie hid one or two little hard seeds. The root is tuberous, of the bignesse of a large Olive, white and succulent, with some threddy additaments annexed thereto.

Cockow pint groweth in woods neere unto ditches under hedges, every where in shadowie places. The leaves appeare presently after Winter: the pestell sheweth it selfe out of his huske or sheath in June, whilest the leaves are in withering: and when they are gone, the bunch or cluster of berries becommeth ripe, which is in July and August. The common Cuckow pint is called in Latine, Arum: in English, Cuckow pint, and Cuckow pintle, wake-Robin, Priests pintle, Aron, Calfes foot, and Rampe; and of some Starchwort.

Beares after they have lien in their dens forty daies without any manner of sustenance, but what they get with licking and sucking their owne feet, doe as soone as they come forth eat the herbe Cuckow-pint, through the windie nature thereof the hungry gut is opened and made fit again to receive sustenance: for by abstaining from food so long a time, the gut is shrunke or drawne so close together, that in a manner it is quite shut up, as Aristole, Ælianus, Plutarch, Pliny, and others do write.

The most pure and white starch is made of the roots of Cuckow-pint; but most hurtfull to the hands of the Laundresse that hath the handling of it, for it choppeth, blistereth, and maketh the hands rough and rugged, and withall smarting.

Frogge-bit

FROGGE-BIT

There floteth or swimmeth upon the upper parts of the water a small plant, which we usually call Frog-bit, having little round leaves, thicke and full of juyce, very like to the leaves of wall Peniwort: the floures grow upon long stems among the leaves, of a white colour, with a certain yellow thrum in the middle consisting of three leaves: in stead of roots it hath slender strings, which grow out of a short and small head, as it were, from whence the leaves spring, in the bottom of the water: from which head also come forth slopewise certain strings, by which growing forth it multiplieth it selfe.

It is found swimming or floting almost in every ditch, pond, poole, or standing water, in all the ditches about Saint George his fields, and in the ditches by the Thames side neere to Lambeth Marsh, where any that is disposed may see it. It flourisheth and floureth most part of all the yeare.

It is thought to be a kinde of Pond-weed (or rather of Water Lillie).

LITTLE DAISIES

The Daisie bringeth forth many leaves from a threddy root, smooth, fat, long, and somwhat round withall, very sleightly indented about the edges, for the most part lying upon the ground: among which rise up the floures, everie one with his owne slender stem, almost like those of Camomill, but lesser, of a perfect white colour, and very double.

The double red Daisie is like unto the precedent in everie respect, saving in the color of the floures; for this plant bringeth forth floures of a red colour; and the other white as aforesaid. The double Daisies are planted in gardens: the others grow wilde everywhere.

The Daisie is called of some, Herba Margarita, or Margarites herb: in French, Marguerites: In English, Daisies, and Bruisewort.

The Daisies do mitigate all kinde of paines, but especially in the joints, and gout, if they be stamped with new butter unsalted, and applied upon the pained place: but they worke more effectually if Mallowes be added thereto.

The juice of the leaves and roots snift up into the nosthrils, purgeth the head mightily, and helpeth the megrim. The same given to little dogs with milke, keepeth them from growing great.

Daisie

The leaves stamped take away bruises and swellings proceeding of some stroke, if they be stamped and laid thereon; whereupon it was called in old time Bruisewort. The juice put into the eies cleareth them, and taketh away the watering of them. The decoction of the field Daisie (which is the best for physicks use) made in water and drunke, is good against agues.

GROUND-IVY, OR ALE-HOOFE

Ground Ivy is a low or base herbe; it creepeth and spreads upon the ground hither and thither all about, with many stalkes of an uncertaine length, slender, and like those of the Vine: whereupon grow leaves something broad and round: amongst which come forth the floures gaping like little hoods, not unlike to those of Germander, of a purplish blew colour: the whole plant is of a strong smell and bitter taste.

It is found as well in tilled as in untilled places, but most commonly in obscure and darke places, upon banks under hedges, and by the sides of houses.

It remaineth greene not onely in Summer, but also in Winter at any time of the yeare: it floureth from Aprill till Summer be far spent.

It is called in English Ground-Ivy, Ale-hoofe, Gill go by ground, Tune-hoof, and Cats-foot.

Ground-Ivy, Celandine, and Daisies, of each a like quantitie, stamped and strained, and a little sugar and rose water put thereto, and dropped with a feather into the eies, taketh away all manner of inflammation, spots, webs, itch, smarting, or any griefe whatsoever in the eyes, yea although the sight were nigh hand gone: it is proved to be the best medicine in the world.

The herbes stamped as aforesaid, and mixed with a little ale and honey, and strained, take away the pinne and web, or any griefe out of the eyes of horse or cow, or any other beast, being squirted into the same with a syringe, or I might have said the liquor injected into the eies with a syringe. But I list not to be over eloquent among Gentlewomen, to whom especially my Workes are most necessarie.

The women of our Northerne parts, especially about Wales and Cheshire, do turne the herbe Ale-hoof into their Ale; but the reason thereof I know not: notwithstanding without all controversie it is most singular against the griefes aforesaid; being tunned up in ale and drunke, it also purgeth the head from rheumaticke humors flowing from the braine.

GROUNDSELL

The stalke of Groundsell is round, chamfered and divided into many branches. The leaves be green, long, and cut in the edges almost like those of Succorie, but lesse, like in a manner to the leaves of Rocket. The floures be yellow, and turn to down, which is carried away with the wind. The root is full of strings and threds.

These herbs are very common throughout England and do grow almost every where. They flourish almost every moneth of the yeare.

Groundsel is called in Latine Senecio, because it waxeth old quickly.

Groundsell

The leaves of Groundsel boiled in wine or water, and drunke, heale the paine and ach of the stomacke that proceeds of Choler. Stamped and strained into milke and drunke,

Reviews for Leaves from Gerard's Herball

[d5homsher · Rating: 5 out of 5 stars]

Excerpts from the immense and wonderful Elizabethan Herball or General Historie of Plantes published by John Gerard in 1597.A lovely book for gardeners, if only for the woodcuts reproduced throughout the book. This paperback also offers a glimpse into Elizabethan medical practices and cures.Out of print.