My AP Biology Thoughts  Unit 2 Cell Structure and FunctionWelcome to My AP Biology Thoughts podcast, my name is Morgan Bernstein and I am your host for episode #59 Unit 2: Active Transport: Endocytosis, Exocytosis, and Protein Pumps.Segment 1: Introduction to Active TransportFirst, we have to know that within any cell, things are always moving. Proteins need to get places, waste has to be excreted, and food is consumed. Two umbrella terms of movement- Passive Transport and Active TransportPassive Transport=no energy required, almost like a habitActive transport = within a vesicle, does require energy Active transport is what we will be discussing in this episode, but be sure to check out episode 58 to learn about passive transport as well!Why does active transport require energy? Goes against the concentration gradientThings are moving from low concentration to high concentration (disrupts equilibrium and requires extra energy) Can happen across a cell membrane or within the cell itselfSegment 2: Examples of Active Transport: Endo/Exocytosis and PumpsThe first type of active transport is one that does cross a cell-membrane barrier, and it is known as the sodium-potassium pump. Two potassium ions into the cell and takes three sodium ions outWorks because of the protein pump in the plasma membrane. Three sodium ions bind to the carrier protein pump inside the cell, and are transported out using the energy available from ATP. Protein then changes shape to allow for the potassium ions to bind to it as well, and pumps those inside of the cell membrane where they are transported for use in the cell before the process repeats. Higher concentration of potassium ions inside the cell than outside, and a higher concentration of sodium ions outside the cell, so this sodium-potassium pump is going against the concentration gradient and is therefore a form of ACTIVE transportRequires energy.Another form of active transport comes in endocytosis and exocytosisFirst, cytosis means cell, which is present in all three termsEndo = enter, + cytosis = cell, so endocytosis = into the cellExo = exit, + cytosis = cell, so exocytosis = exiting the cell. Endocytosis Things brought into the cell across the membrane, but not through a pump Requires energyHappens inside a vesicle (small cellular bubble that holds and transports other molecules and ions)Molecules or ions outside of the cell are enclosed by a part of the plasma membrane, forming the vesicle, and vesicle brings the contents through the membrane into the cell for transport Exocytosis export proteins or excrete waste productsRequires energyNecessary protein or waste products inside of a transport vesicle, vesicle connects with plasma membrane and contents released into outside environment. Segment 3: Connection to the CourseActive transport has many connections to our Unit 2 about Cells and to biology in general. Goes against the rules used for any other cellular movement ex. osmosis or...