In this episode, José R. Arribas, MD, and Melissa Badowski, PharmD, MPH, FIDSA, FCCP, BCIDP, BCPS, AAHIVP, discuss optimizing antiretroviral therapy (ART) for people with HIV who are treatment experienced or failing a current ART regimen, including:The use of proviral DNA genotyping for switching therapyMaintaining nucleos(t)ide reverse-transcriptase inhibitors after a first failureThe role of zidovudine in salvage regimensThe use of twice-daily darunavir with protease inhibitor resistance and twice-daily dolutegravir with integrase strand transfer inhibitor resistanceSimplification of regimens and long-acting therapies for people with HIV who are highly treatment experiencedDrug‒drug interactions that may warrant dosing changes to avoid resistance developmentWhen to consider antiretrovirals with novel mechanisms of action, such as fostemsavir, ibalizumab, and lenacapavirThe logistics of dosing, administration, and development of a complete ART regimen that includes novel mechanism antiretroviralsAddressing psychosocial factors to increase the chance of success on a new ART regimenDrug‒drug interactions with novel mechanism agentsHow common ART resistance is for people with HIV in their own practicesThe possibility of using long-acting cabotegravir plus rilpivirine in people with viremia in the futureAddressing low-level viremiaJosé R. Arribas, MDProfessor of MedicineDepartment of MedicineAutónoma University School of MedicineHead, Infectious Diseases UnitDepartment of Internal MedicineHospital La PazMadrid, SpainMelissa Badowski, PharmD, MPH, FIDSA, FCCP, BCIDP, BCPS, AAHIVPClinical Associate ProfessorSection of Infectious Diseases Pharmacotherapy Department of Pharmacy PracticeUniversity of Illinois at Chicago, College of PharmacyChicago, IllinoisLink to full program:bit.ly/3Z44Gq3