Description: Welcome to another episode of The New Quantum Era Podcast hosted by Kevin Rowney and Sebastian Hassinger. Today, they are joined by Scott Aaronson, who is a leading authority in the space of Quantum Computing, a fascinating person with a long list of relevant achievements. Scott is also the author of an outstanding blog called Shtetl-Optimize and a book named Quantum Computing Since Democritus.Scott helped design Google Quantum Supremacy, but his work exceeds it; he is involved in Complexity Theory and Computer Science and is just extremely good at connecting, explaining, and digging deeper into concepts.Key Takeaways:[3:38] How did Scott get into quantum computing?[11:35] Scott talks about the moment when the question arose: Does nature work this way?[14:28] Scott shares when he realized he wanted to dig deeper into Quantum Computing.[15:56] Scott remembers when he proved the limitation of quantum algorithms for a variation of Grover's search problem.[18:43] Scott realized that his competitive advantage was the ability to explain how things work.[20:01] Scott explains the collision problem.[21:33] Scott defines the birthday paradox.[23:24] Scott discusses the dividing line between serious and non-serious quantum computing research.[24:11]  What's Scott’s relative level of faith and optimism that the areas of topological quantum computing and measurement-based quantum computation are going to produce?[28:33] Scott talks about what he thinks will be the source of the first practical quantum speed-up. [31:55] Scott didn’t imagine that being a complexity theorist would become exponential.[36:14] Is Scott optimistic about quantum walks? [40:11] Has Scott returned to his machine learning and AI roots but is now trying to explain the concepts? [42:03] Scott was asked: ‘What is it going to take to get you to stop wasting your life on quantum computing?’[44:50] Scott talks about the future need to prevent  AI misuse. and his role in Open AI[47:41] Scott emphasizes the need for an external source that can point out your errors.[50:13] Scott shares his thoughts about the possible risks and misuses of GPT.[51:40] Scott made GPT to take a Quantum Computing exam; what did surprise him about the answers? It did much better on conceptual questions than on calculation questions[55:55] What kind of validation will we be able to give GPT?[56:22] Scott explains how RLHF (Reinforced Learning from Human Feedback) works.[59:28] Does Scott feel that there's room for optimism that educators can have a decent tool to hunt down this kind of plagiarism?[1:02:08] Is there anything that Scott is excited about seeing implemented on 1000 gate-based qubits with a decent amount of error mitigation? [1:04:05] Scott shares his interest in designing better quantum supremacy experiments.[1:07:43] Could these quantum supremacy experiments (based on random circuit sampling) already deliver a scalable advantage? [1:10:58] Kevin and Sebastian share the highlights of a fun and enlightening conversation with Scott Aaronson.Mentioned in this episode:Visit The New Quantum Era PodcastCheck Shtetl-OptimizeQuantum Computing Since Democritus, Scott AaronsonLearn more about the Adiabatic Algorithm result by Hastings and the Quantum Walk Algorithm result by Childs et Al.Tweetables and Quotes:“The dividing line between serious and nonserious quantum computing research is, are you asking the question of, ‘Can you actually be the best that a classical computer could do at the same desk? “ — Scott Aaronson“My first big result in quantum computing that got me into the field was to prove that Prasad Hoyer tap algorithm for the collision problem was optimal.”  — Scott Aaronson“ Quantum Walks are  a way of achieving Grover type speed ups at a wider range of problems than you would have expected.” — Scott Aaronson“AI safety is now a subject where you can get feedback.”  — Scott Aaronson“We don't have any theorems that would explain the recent successes of deep learning, th