Conventionally, we are taught that evolution implies there is no ultimate purpose to our existence, that life lacks inherent meaning — we are the product of countless intricate molecular and genetic accidents. And to many, evolution leaves little room for, and perhaps even contradicts, the existence of a deity. However, our guest on this episode, Samuel Wilkinson, MD, a professor of psychiatry at Yale University, thinks there is another way to look at evolution. Drawing from an array of disciplines ranging from evolutionary biology to cognitive science, Dr. Wilkinson provides a framework for evolution suggesting not only that there is an overarching purpose to our existence, but what that purpose is. He presents this framework in his 2024 book, Purpose: What Evolution and Human Nature Imply about the Meaning of Our Existence. Over the course of our conversation, Dr. Wilkinson shares how an existential crisis during medical school led him down the path of exploring the ways evolution can be reconciled with fundamental questions and answers about life's meaning; how navigating the dual potential of human nature — pulling us between selfishness and altruism, aggression and cooperation — is key to understanding our purpose; why evolution does not exclude the possibility of existence of a god or gods; the importance of relationships in living fulfilling lives; the role of free will in the choice between good and evil; and more. In this episode, you’ll hear about: 3:37 - How a drive to understand human nature drove Dr. Wilkinson to leave his engineering studies and pursue a career as a psychiatrist. 4:44 - The scope of Dr. Wilkinson’s work at Yale 7:13 - What studying depression has taught Dr. Wilkinson about human nature 9:00 - How Dr. Wilkinson views the connection between evolution and God 24:00 - How the central argument of Dr. Wilkinson’s book differs from intelligent design26:41 - Dr. Wilkinson’s view of selfishness in human nature 37:49 - The deeper meaning that Dr. Wilkinson sees within the biological patterns of evolution 39:04 - The validity of moral relativism43:42 - “The Rider and the Elephant” as a metaphor for human nature 45:43 - Dr. Wilkinson’s thoughts on free will 55:15 - How marriage can provide a cornerstone to building “a good life” 58:10 - The way in which Dr. Wilkinson’s faith fits into his personal view of human nature 1:04:42 - How Dr. Wilkinson brings these principles into his clinical practice Dr. Samuel Wilkinson is the author of Purpose: What Evolution and Human Nature Imply about the Meaning of Our Existence (2024). Works and Individuals Discussed:The Selfish Gene by Richard DawkinsDetermined: A Science of Life Without Free Will by Robert SapolskyMichael Behe and the concept of intelligent design Free Will by Sam HarrisPast episodes referenced in today’s discussion: